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Journal of the Korean Academy of Family Medicine 1996;17(6):445-453.
Published online June 1, 1996.
Telling the Diagnosis of Cancer.
Seung Ah Jeon, Soo Eun Lee, Yong Kyun Roh
암 진단의 통보에 관한 조사
전승아, 이수은, 노용균
울산대학교의과대학 서울중앙병원 가정의학교실
Abstract
Background
: Doubtlessly the incidence of cancer has increased. As the technology for diagnosis of cancer improves, the possibility of early diagnosis of cancer has increased, and the primary physicians experience many chances to tell their patients about the diagnoses of cancer. Despite the increasing number of ethical dilemmas that the primary physicians have to face, the medical schools do not offer enough moral educations. Instread, many primary phsicians have to depend only on their personal experiences in dealing their inevitable dilemma. Moreover, as the patients are more conscious of their rights as patients, and the conversations between the patients and doctors decrease, it is discove-red that the patients are found to have unsatisfactory feelings toward the medical doctors who do not tell their patients about the diagnosis of their disease and do not explain the procedures on the treatment of the disease. Considering the fact that patients have the right to decide on their own, and that the doctors have to help the untreatable cancer patients to cope with their remaining life, this research is conducted to establish a principle for doctors in telling the diagnosis of cancer based on the comparative study between the cancer patients and the non-cancer patients' experience in hearing about the diagnosis of cancer.
Method: In this study, the 40 non-cancer patients and 36 cancer patients were selected randomly as sample pupulation, from patients who were admitted to the Korea University Hospital between May 1 and May 31, 1994.

Results : 88.9% of cancer patients were told about the diagnosis of their disease by the doctors, 92.5% of non-cancer patients have answered that they want to know the diagnosis if they would develop cancer, 70% and 77.8% of non-cancer patients and cancer patients, respectively, have answe-red that they believe that the patient should know the diagnosis of cancer if a member of their family happens to develop cancer. 82.5% of non-cancer patients and 77.8% of cancer patients have answered that they wanted to be notified by their doctors. And, 37.5% of non-cancer patients and 55.6% of cancer patients have answered that both patients and their families should be told about the diagnosis of cancer at the same time. For their reason, 56.7% of the interviewee gave answered that it is because knosing the diagnosis of cancer would help the teatment of the disease.

Conclusion : The results of this study revealed that the doctors should that the doctors should tell the diagnoses of cancer to their patients, as a principle, and the doctors should bestow psychological comfort and hope to their patients. The patients also want to be told about the treatment procedures and the prognosis of their cancer. The principle on telling the diagnosis of cancer to the patient should be based on its beeficial effects. An exquisite exploration of the patient should be conducted before deciding to tell the diagnosis of cancer, I.e. the personality of the patient, educational and emotional status, support of the family, etc. Hence, the customary pracitce of alienating the patients in decision making procedures during the coures of diagnosis and treatment should be subjugated, and the patients should be informed about their diagnoses of cancer.
초록
연구배경 : 암 환자들이 점차 증가하고 암의 조기 진단과 치료 기술의 발전에 따라 일차진료의들이나 외래에서 암의 진단을 환자에게 통보하는 빈도가 늘어나고 있다. 실제 임상에서는 이 문제에 대한 적절한 의학 윤리 교육이 이루어지지 않고 있어 개별적인 임상 경험에 의존하고 있다. 더구나 환자 권리의식의 신장과 의사-환자간의 의사소통 부족으로 인해 환자들을 실제로 암 진단의 통보 뿐 아니라 치료 과정에서 설명해 주지 않는 의사에게 불만을 가지고 있음이 확인되고 있고, 의사는 자기 결정권을 가진 한 인간으로서의 환자, 치유 불가능한 말기 암 환자를 치료하는 데 있어서 남은 삶의 질적 향상을 도와주어야 한다고 볼 때, 암 환자들의 입장에서 본 암 진단 통보 문제와 경험, 일반 환자들의 입장과 요구를 조사해 봄으로써, 의사들이 가져야 할 원칙을 정립하는데 도움을 주고자 시도하였다.

방법 : 1994년 5월 1일부터 5월 31일까지 고려대학교 의료원에 입원 중인 암 환자 36명과, 암이 아닌 일반 환자 40명을 임의로 추출하여 설문 조사를 실시하였다.

결과 : 암 환자의 88.9%가 의사로부터 진단을 통보 받았고, 일반 환지의 92.5%가 자신이 암에 걸릴 경우 본인이 알기를 원하고 있었으며, 가족이 암에 걸릴 경우 본인에게 알려야 한다고 응답한 것은 일반 환자 70%, 암 환자 77.8%였다. 일반 환자의 82.5%, 암 환자의 77.8%가 의사를 통해서 알기를 원하였고, 일반 환자의 37.5%, 암 환자의 55.6%에서 환자 본인과 보호자에게 동시에 말해 주기를 원하였다. 또한 암 환자의 83.3%가 본인이 암진단을 알게 되어 이롭다고 답하였고, 그 이유는 56.7%가 암의 치료에 도움이 되었기 때문이라고 답하였다.

결론 : 의사는 원칙적으로 환자 본인에게 암 진단을 통보해야 하고, 이때 환자를 안심시키고 희망을 불어넣어 주며 향후 치료, 예후 등에 대해 설명을 해주어야 한다는 것이, 본 설문조사 결과상 환자들의 요구로 나타났다. 암 진단 통보 문제의 원칙은 그것이 환자에게 이익이 되는 것인가 라고 볼 수 있는데 이 기준이 통보하는 것과 통보하지 않은 것 양측의 이유가 되고 있는 현실을 볼 때, 의사는 환자의 성격, 지적, 정서적 수준, 가족의 지지와 요구 등 여러 가지 요인을 적극적으로 파악해야 할 것이며, 진단과 치료 과정에 ‘보호자’라는 대리인을 임의로 선택하고 환자를 회피, 소외시키는 관행은 극복되어져야 할 것이다


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