Background
: Categorial rating scale about pain intensity has been used in many studies without any validation. So we tried to score the pain intensity of phrases which Koreans commonly use for description of pain intensity, and developed categorial rating scale about pain intensity.

Methods : After gathering the phrases which Koreans commonly use for description of pain intensity, the authors selected 23 common phrases. For the each 23 phrase, we asked 69 outpatients at a family Medicine clinic and 76 hospital employee to check on the visual analogue scale according to the intensity. To estimate the reliability of the answers, we asked them to respond to the same questionnaire two weeks later.

Results : Of 145 people interviewed, 63 were male and 82 were female. We found out the absolute pain intensity of 23 phrases. Then we could present 5 point categorial rating scale and 4 point categorial rating scale. Correlation coefficients of two weeks test-retest were from 0.355 to 0.570, which were all statistically significant.

Conclusion : We developed 5 point categorial rating scale and 4 point categorial rating scale which can be used for evaluation of Korean's pain intensity.

Background
: Though many adolescents are suffering from depression in Korea, there have been few studies about the prevalence of it and depressive adolescents are not managed appropriately yet because of ignorance of the society and family. This study was intended to find out college freshmen's prevalence of depression, and the relationship between family function and depression.

Methods : The subjects were college freshmen of one university both in Seoul and Suwon and the study period was from January to February, 1999. Family APGAR was used as a family function index Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to measure the degree of depres-sion. Chi square tests and logistic regression were done for analysis using SPSS 8.0/PC program.

Results : The prevalence of depression among college freshmen was 1.5% (37 out of 2465) as of BDI score 21 or more. Depression was more common in the families with low Family APGAR score and those in Suwon campus. No significant differences were found in gender, age, blood pressuere, blood type, BMI, present illness, number of families, marital status of parents or siblings. Relative risks of depression were 4.5 times for family dysfunction group and 2.6 times for Suwon campus group.

Conclusion : Depression is not a rare disease among college freshmen. Therefore, family physician as a primary care physician should consider the possibility of depression among adolescence and screen depression using BDI for adolescents in dysfunctional family particularly.

Background
: Owing to increase in elderly population, the importance of geriatric health is accentuated strongly. We surveyed cancer patients aged 60 years or more to investigate the common cancers, time trend to compare with whole cancer patients.

Methods : We analyzed the data of cancer patients aged 60 years or more who were admitted cancer patients, diagnosed by pathologic biopsy, received radiotherapy, registered as cancer patients on death certification and diagnosed by the other methods in a university hospital from January, 1987 to December, 1995.

Results : We analyzed at intervals of three year, from 1987 to 1989. The order of common cancer sites were stomach(30.1%), lung(19.9%), liver and intrahepatic(11.4%), bladder(6.2%), colon(5.5%), gallbladder and extrahepatic(4.9%), rectosigmoid(4.2%), pancreas(3.2%), cervix(2.9%), esophagus(2.8%) and the number of patients was 1025. From 1990 to 1992, the order of common cancer sites were stomach(23.5%), lung(19.3%), liver and intrahepatic(10.3%), gallbladder and extrahepatic(4.4%), rectosigmoid(4.2%), pancreas(3.9%) cervix(3.7%), colon(3.5%), esophagus(2.7%) and the number of patients was 1470. From 1993 to 1995, the order of common cancer sites were stomach(19.5%), lung(17.2%), liver and intrahepatic(11%), rectosigmoid(5.1%), colon(4.5%), gallbladder and extrahepatic(4.5%), bladder(4.1%), cervix(3.8%), pancreas(3.7%), esophagus(2.0%) and the number of patients was 1519.

Conclusion : Stomach, lung, and hepatic cancers were decreasing and rectosigmoid and pancreatic cancers were increasing in triannual frequency of cancer patients aged 60 years or more. The proportion of elderly patients in all age cancer patients was increasing except gallbladder and extrahepatic cancer. According to the prolongation of life span, frequency increased in old age.

Background
: It is necessary for most effective treatment of neoplasms to detect it in early stage. For the purpose we use many screening tests currently, however, the tumor marker have many limitations as a screening test for neoplasm. Nevertheless most of Hea-lth screening centers are using CEA as a screening test for neoplasm. So, we began this study for the assessment of validity of CEA as a screening test for neoplasm.

Methods : The subjects were 4265 persons who visited Health screening center of Kyung-hee Medical Center from July 1995 to June 1996. The number of elevated CEA among the subjects was 156. We evaluated the frequencies of factors known as etiologies of in-creased CEA. We followed up whether neoplasms were developed in normal CEA group. Through the random sampling of normal CEA group, 391 subjects were obtained for statis-tical analysis by SPSS/PC+. Immunoradiometric assay kit of Eiken company was used for gauging CEA level and normal level was less than 2.4ng/ml according to manual of manu-facturer.

Results : There was no significant difference of CEA according to sex, age. The factors that significantly affect CEA were neoplasms, chronic lung disease, liver cirrhosis. In this study, smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, fibrocystic disease, chronic renal failure, al-cohol drinking, hepatitis, peptic ulcer disease known as etiologies of elevated CEA in other studies did not show statistical significance. 9 cases of neoplasms were developed in both elevated CEA and normal CEA group during follow up. In former, 4 cases of 9 neoplasms were early stage. In latter, all cases were stage IV and inoperable. Specificity and sensitiv-ity of CEA were each 96.5%, 50.0%. Positive & negative predictive value of CEA were each 5.8%, 99.8%.

Conclusion : CEA was increased in various benign conditions and even if any neoplasm exists, CEA was not elevated in most of all in early stage. Is showed high false positive rate and low sensitivity. Thus, this study showed that it was not valid to use CEA as a screening test for early detection of neoplasms.

Background
: For the good health care system, the field of primary core which is based on it must be established well. Some physicians insist on 2 year residency program for the large pro-duction of primary care physicians. So we studied to support the basic data necessary to the plan of the residency program for the primary care physician, investigating the attitude of fam-ily physicians who major in primary care.
Method: From August to September in 1995, questionnaires were sent twice by mail to the directors of family residency program, family doctors who completed the course of residency program within 5 years(recent graduate), and third year residents. Among all 567 physicians directors were 115 persons, recent graduates were 268 persons, third year residents were 184 persons, we analyzed the data of 257 respondents by SPSS/PC. The contents in the qestionnaires included the necessity of internship, the opinion of 2-year residency program for primary care physicians, the opinion of 4-year residency program, the optimal duration of the traning pro-gram for primary care physician, and the motives of selection of family residency program.
Result: Among 567 subjects, 257 persons(45.3%) responded. The response rate was 35.7% in the directors of family residency program, 23.5% in recent graduates, 22.3% in third year resi-dents. The male respondents were 65.0% and female respondents were 35.0%. Internship was favored by 75.9% and 2-year residency program for primary care physician was not favored by 89.9% of all respondents. And current family residency program of 3-year-residency program after internship was favors by 62.3% of all respondents, but 33.0% of all respondents thought, short. And 4-year prolongation of family residency program was favored by 61.5% of all respo-ndents. Obtimal duration of the residency program for primary care physicians was the current family residency program which were chosen by 49.4%, and next was 4-year residency program after internship which were chosen by 23.3% of all respondents.

Conclusion : Most family physician were satisfied with the present 3-year-residency program after internship, and were favored 2-year-residency program for the primary care phy-sician. We think that the prolongation of family residency program must be considered in the furture.