Background
: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between depression and heart rate variability in the thirties male workers.

Methods : Subjects were 85 thirties male workers who had routine health examination from June to July in 2002. They were classified as the depressed group (n=15) or the non-depressed group (n=70) on the basis of Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) index. 5- minute electrocardiographic (ECG) recordings were analyzed with time and frequency domain methods of heart rate variability (HRV). Standard Deviation of NN intervals (SDNN), Root-Mean-Square of Successive Differences (RMSSD), Total Power (TP), Low Frequency (LF: 0.04∼0.15 Hz) power, High Frequency (HF: 0.15∼0.4 Hz) power, LF/HF ratio were used as the indices of HRV. The data were analyzed using SPSS 11.0/PC program.

Results : There were no significant differences among the groups in drinking, smoking, body mass index (BMI), or exercise. Heart rate variability (SDNN, rMSSD, TP, LF, HF) was significantly lower in the depressed group than in the non-depressed group. Mean heart rate was also higher in the depressed group compared with the non-depressed group, but these differences did not attain statistical significance.

Conclusion : The association of depressed mood with reduced heart rate variability in the thirties male workers reflect dysregulation of cardiac autonomous control and may explain their increased risk for cardiovascular disease. However, we should confirm those effects through the well-designed prospective study.

Background
: It has been known that the prevalence of depression is increasing and depressive mood is accompanied with various physical symptoms in the elderly. In this research, we studied various physical symptoms of the elderly patients and how many of those symptoms were associated to depressive mood. We also investigated how much their doctors were concerned about depressive symptoms of the patients.

Methods : The subjects were 135 patients over 60 years old, who visited geriatric center and department of family medicine in a university hospital from December 2002 to May 2003. Individual interviews were conducted among the subjects and all symptoms who suffered from within a month from the time of interview, depression score, stress score, functional status and their sociodemographic factors were assessed. Finally, doctor's diagnosis or comments on depressive mood were assessed based on the medical documents of the elderly patients with depression.

Results : 56% of the subjects had depressive mood. Common symptoms of subjects were memory impairment, visual disturbance, fatigue, arthralgia, and thirsty sense. The more depressive mood the elderly have, the more physical symptoms they have. The physician paid their attention to depressive mood in 13% of the cases among the elderly with depressive mood. Depressive mood was affected by whom they lived together with, regular exercise and stress.

Conclusion : This study shows that most of the elderly patients had depressive mood and their common symptoms were associated to depressive mood. The stress and living together with their children were risk factors for depression of the elderly. However, depressive mood was less found among those patients who had spouse and who exercised regularly. Though physicians more likely recognize the depressive mood of the elderly as depression was severer, still little attention was paid to depressive mood in the elderly.

Background
: This study was conducted to survey current status of research and scholarly activity of residency programs and to evaluate quality of education.

Methods : Questionnaire on research and scholarly activity were sent to all residency training programs by regular mail on May 2003. The questionnaire included detailed characteristics of residency programs, current status of conferences, educations for research activities, degree of faculty involvement, and numbers of published papers and presentations for past year.

Results : A total of 103 residency programs answered the questionnaire. Most of the programs held journal review, book review, and clinical review in regular bases as scholarly activities. Smaller than 50% of the programs held case review, chart review, and psycho- social conference in regular bases. As research activity, 40 programs offered educations on epidemiology and statistics, and 55 programs held critical review of the literatures. Faculties involve actively in residents' research project in the process of designing research questions and selecting the subjects, but less actively in the process of gathering informations, completing manuscripts, and preparing presentations. Degrees of faculty involvement were smaller in the programs which are connected with medical school, had only 1 faculty, and educational experiences of the faculty were insufficient.

Conclusion : Current scholarly activities were active in various aspects, but psychosocial conference and chart audit should be encouraged. Special efforts are required in the research activities, especially in programs which were not connected with medical school and had only one faculty.

Mondor's disease or thrombophlebitis of the superficial veins of the breast is a rare benign condition and a self-limiting disease. The combination of the clinical manifestations and the imaging (mammographic & sonographic) findings is the typical sign of Mondor's disease of the breast. Therefore, an understanding of such an entity and knowledge of the clinical and imaging findings will make it possible to avoid the unnecessary biopsy or surgery. We report the case of a 53-year-old woman diagnosing as Mondor's diasease, who underwent evaluation of a tender, papable cord- like mass in her left breast associated with discoloration of the overlying skin.