Background Childbearing is the most important determinant of population fluctuations, and its study is more important than other population phenomena. Owing to the lack of a valid questionnaire based on the extended theory of planned behavior, this mixed-method study was conducted to determine the validity and reliability of a questionnaire designed to examine related belief-based factors on the intention to bear children in Iranian society.
Methods This study was conducted in two phases in Hamadan city, western Iran, in 2021. Phase 1 consisted of an extensive literature review and a qualitative study using a directed content analysis approach to generate an item pool. Psychometrics were measured in phase 2, including content, face, and construct validity. Reliability was assessed based on internal consistency and stability. The collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS and AMOS ver. 24.0.
Results Mean content validity ratio and content validity index were 0.7 and 0.85, respectively. Exploratory factor analysis of the 32 items identified an eight-factor solution. These factors jointly accounted for 79.1% of the observed variance in the outcome variables. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit for the data. The internal consistency based on Cronbach’s α was 0.85 (0.71–0.93). In addition, stability was confirmed using the test-retest method and intraclass correlation coefficient (0.74–0.94).
Conclusion The designed questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument for evaluating related belief-based factors on the intention and behavior of childbearing among married men and women in Iran.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
An integrated theory based-educational intervention to change intention to have a child: study protocol of a cluster randomized controlled trial Maryam Moridi, Maryam Damghanian, Sedigheh Keshaverz Reproductive Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Does fiscal expenditure contribute to increasing fertility intentions of rural households? Zhongyi Gong, Mei Ge Finance Research Letters.2024; 63: 105286. CrossRef
Background Intimate partner violence is a severe life-threatening criminal and public health problem affecting the well-being of individuals, families, and society. Planning interventions to reduce the burden of this persistent and criminal violence should be relevant culturally and socially.
Methods In this randomized control trial, 150 pregnant women residing in slum areas of Hamadan were randomly assigned to two groups (intervention group: n=50 and control group: n=100). Interventional strategies included educating the victims based on local cultural norms, culturally sensitive individual and group counseling, and educating health care providers. Data were collected via face-to-face interviews at baseline and again at 3 months after the intervention. We used a paired t-test to evaluate the effect of the intervention by comparing changes in the outcomes measured.
Results There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups at baseline in terms of sociodemographic characteristics. Post-test scores of knowledge (7.50±2.65 vs. 5.14±3.51, P=0.001), communication skills (18.38±4.25 vs. 16.2±3.83, P=0.04), and family support and social expectation of obedience (15.79±4.45 vs. 13.40±4.57, P=0.005) of the victims were statistically significantly higher in the experimental group compared to the control group. Moreover, physical (0.74±2.28 vs. 1.20±2.60, P=0.06), psychological (2.80±4.10 vs. 4.52±5.43, P=0.06), and sexual (0.11±0.58 vs. 0.61±1.22, P=0.04) violence reduced in the experimental group compared to the control group.
Conclusion Culturally relevant interventions can reduce intimate partner violence.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Interventions for intimate partner violence during the perinatal period: A scoping review Olivia Mercier, Sarah Yu Fu, Rachel Filler, Alexie Leclerc, Kari Sampsel, Karine Fournier, Mark Walker, Shi Wu Wen, Katherine Muldoon Campbell Systematic Reviews.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Background Although the role of unintentional injuries as a cause of death in adults is known, there is limited knowledge about such adults’ behaviors. This study aims to investigate the frequency of and factors affecting unintentional injuries among the elderly living in rural areas and their related behaviors.
Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in the rural areas of Hamadan County, Iran, in 2016. The sample consists of randomly selected 445 adults aged 60–75 years. Data collection was conducted through face-to-face interviews, using questionnaires.
Results One hundred and forty-three participants (34.7%) experienced 166 injury occurrences. The injuries occurred more in females than in males. There were more mild and severe injuries (48.2% and 31.3%, respectively) than moderate ones (20.5%). The most frequent mechanism of injuries was accidental falls (64.5%). There was a significant relationship between using aid devices and injuries (P=0.001). Among the most applied injury preventive measures as reported by the elderly, crossing streets safely and the use of proper lighting at night had the highest percentages (81.5% and 69.7%, respectively). However, the use of protective handles and plastic flooring in bathrooms in order to prevent slipping had the lowest percentages (less than 1.0%).
Conclusion The injuries among the elderly in this study were important health concerns. Injury-related factors should be considered in the development of injury prevention programs.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Unintentional In-Home Injuries in Older Adults Ok-Hee Cho, Hyekyung Kim Medicina.2025; 61(7): 1235. CrossRef
Factors Affecting Home Injuries in Older Adults: An Analysis Using Binary Logistic Regression Mehdi Abbasian, Homayoun Sadeghi‐bazargani, Hossein Matlabi, Naser Havaei, Mina Hashemiparast, Hamid Allahverdipour Health Science Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Effectiveness of the Safety and Home Injury Prevention for Seniors: A Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial Ok-Hee Cho, Hyekyung Kim, Kyung-Hye Hwang Healthcare.2025; 13(21): 2695. CrossRef
“A Familiar but Unsafe Shelter” – Older Adults’ Experience of Fall-Related Injuries at Home: A Phenomenological Study Ok-Hee Cho, Sanghyun Bae, Jeongeun Yoon Journal of Community Health Nursing.2025; : 1. CrossRef
Background Elderly people’s life is affected by multiple factors including social support, which is of the utmost importance. This study aimed to explore the association between social support and happiness as well as the impact of types of social support on happiness among elders.
Methods This descriptive and analytical study was carried out on 411 elderly men and women referred to the retirement, cultural, and rehabilitation centers in Hamadan, west of Iran. Participants were selected by a multi-stage random sampling method. The research instrument included a questionnaire consisting of three parts: demographic information, the Oxford Argyle Happiness Inventory, and a Questionnaire derived from Social Support Theory. The questionnaire was completed through a self-report study. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients, multiple linear regression, independent t-tests, and one-way analysis of variance in IBM SPSS Software ver. 22.0.
Results The mean for happiness was reported as 41.17±15.2. The values given for social support were 29.40±11.95 and for its dimensions were 7.53±3.89 and 13.70±4.90 for informational support and emotional support, respectively. Moreover, the mean value for appraisal support was 3.48±2.37 and was 4.70±2.56 for instrumental support. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that social support and demographic variables could account for approximately 25% (R2 =0.25) of changes in the variable of happiness.
Conclusion High social support could increase happiness among elders. The quality and quantity of social support can be taken into account as proper determinants and predictors of happiness among elders.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
A study on user satisfaction with medical devices for the elderly: The case of blood pressure monitors Yuanwu Shi, Jiuye Sun Social Science & Medicine.2026; 392: 118950. CrossRef
A study on the determination of the factors affecting the happiness levels of older individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society Nurşen Çomaklı Duvar, Ahmet Kamil Kabakuş, Neslihan İyit, Ömer Alkan, Boshra A. Arnout PLOS ONE.2025; 20(1): e0316000. CrossRef
Exploring the role of perceived social support, and spiritual well-being in predicting the family Caregiving burden among the parents of disabled children Mohammad Taher, Nemat Azizi, Mohammadreza Rohani, Parisa Hosseini Koukamari, Fatemeh Rashidi, Marzieh Araban, Anthony Coetzer-Liversage, Mahmood Karimy BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Impact of different leisure participation patterns on stress coping and authentic happiness in married women Anguo Fu, Tianjiao Yang, Pengcheng Wen, Zhengjiang Yin Leisure Studies.2025; : 1. CrossRef
The impact of intergenerational support on the mental health of older adults: a discussion of three dimensions of support Kang Ren, Jing Lan, Lingyu Ge, Lei Zhou Frontiers in Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The impact of perceived family social support on life satisfaction among older adults in Türkiye during COVID-19: Mediating roles of loneliness and coping strategies Yavuz Aslan, Orhan Koçak The British Journal of Social Work.2025; 55(6): 2976. CrossRef
Social support mediates the relationship between depression and subjective well-being in elderly patients with chronic diseases: Evidence from a survey in Rural Western China Zhonglian Li, Suxia Qin, Yafen Zhu, Quanxiang Zhou, Aijing Yi, Caiyun Mo, Jun Gao, Juhai Chen, Tianhui Wang, Zhanhui Feng, Xiangang Mo, Kallol Kumar Bhattacharyya PLOS One.2025; 20(6): e0325029. CrossRef
The effect of social activity and social support on life satisfaction in older adults: Mediating role of social exclusion and moderating role of working status Orhan Koçak, Orhan Çevik, Murat Yıldırım Geriatric Nursing.2025; 65: 103492. CrossRef
An exploration of the dimensions of Filipino received social support Johnrev Guilaran, Aniceta Patricia T. Alingasa-Aguirre, Augil Marie Q. Robles Journal of Social and Personal Relationships.2025; 42(9): 2363. CrossRef
Happiness in the European Union: A Panel Regression Model and TOPSIS Analysis Alexandra-Nicoleta Ciucu Durnoi, Adina-Iuliana Jigani, Nora Chiriţă, Camelia Delcea Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence.2025; 19(1): 2650. CrossRef
Cross-sectional study on the association of life course determinants and biopsychosocial frailty in community-dwelling older people in Chile Catalina Muñoz-Castillo, Carlos Rojas-Zepeda, Solange Parra-Soto, Francisco Vargas-Silva, Samuel Duran-Agüero, Felipe Araya-Quintanilla , Rafael Pizarro-Mena MedUNAB.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Happiness in Older Adults: A Mixed-Methods Study Nesrin Duman, Vildan Tezel, Enise Nur Inan, Sevval Cengiz Journal of Aging and Long-Term Care.2025; : 163. CrossRef
The influence of social support from intermediary organizations on innovativeness and subjective happiness in community-based tourism Sanghoon Lee, Namhee Lee, Timothy J. Lee, Sunghyup Sean Hyun Journal of Sustainable Tourism.2024; 32(4): 795. CrossRef
How is the problematic smartphone use affected by social support? A research model supported by the mediation of Ikigai Orçun Muhammet Şimşek, Aysel Basmaci Kaya, Orhan Çevık, Orhan Koçak Current Psychology.2024; 43(2): 1102. CrossRef
Psychometric properties of the PERMA-Profiler for measuring well-being in Spanish older adults Teresa Paniagua-Granados, Virginia Fernández-Fernández, Mª Ángeles Molina-Martínez, Octavio Luque-Reca Current Psychology.2024; 43(8): 6713. CrossRef
The effects of social support and social prejudice on emotional affect among drug users: the mediating role of resilience Yixin Zhang, Tour Liu, Bin Zhang, Mingli Li, Miao Chao Journal of Substance Use.2024; 29(6): 1070. CrossRef
Factors associated with happiness among community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review Madson Alan Maximiano-Barreto, Lívio Rodrigues Leal, Rebeca Mendes de Paula Pessoa, Ana Julia de Lima Bomfim, Daiene de Morais, Bruna Moretti Luchesi, Marcos Hortes Nisihara Chagas Geriatric Nursing.2024; 56: 124. CrossRef
Pilot testing cognitive stimulation intervention on older adults' cognitive function, cognitive self-efficacy, and sense of happiness Reham Magdy Mohammed AbdElsalam, Samia ElHusseini Abd-ElMageed ElKholy Geriatric Nursing.2024; 56: 191. CrossRef
Makroekonomik ve Sosyal Göstergelerin Mutluluk Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Araştırılması: Panel Kantil Regresyon Yaklaşımı Kadriye Nurdanay Öztürk, Öyküm Esra Yiğit Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi.2024; : 62. CrossRef
Demystifying the nexus between Forest cover and happiness: A study of global economies Bhavya Advani, Ashis Kumar Pradhan, Vinita Mohindra, Nenavath Sreenu Forest Policy and Economics.2024; 167: 103294. CrossRef
Deciphering temporal perspectives: A key to happiness and optimism for healthy aging in nursing practices” Mona Metwally El-Sayed, Heba Ahmed Mohsen Hassen, Eman Mahmoud Mohammed Shoukr, Mahmoud Abdelwahab Khedr, Ayman Mohamed El-Ashry Geriatric Nursing.2024; 59: 234. CrossRef
Social Support and Elderly People’s Happiness in China: Evidence from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) Li Xu, Chunyu Mao, Kaiqiang Cheng Journal of Statistics and Economics.2024; 1(3): 40. CrossRef
Dukungan Keluarga dan Kesejahteraan Psikologis Lansia di Desa Kesambi Mey Lucky Susanti, Lely Ika Mariyati Journal of Islamic Psychology.2024; 1(2): 11. CrossRef
Revisiting the determinants of happiness from a grounded theory approach Kamlesh Singh, Gaurav Saxena, Mandeep Mahendru International Journal of Ethics and Systems.2023; 39(1): 21. CrossRef
Associations of Perceived and Objective Neighborhood Environment Attributes with Walking in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Faezeh Behnamifard, Zohre Shafieiyoun, Mostafa Behzadfar Journal of Urban Planning and Development.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Relationship between Grateful Disposition and Subjective Happiness of Korean Young Adults: Focused on Double Mediating Effect of Social Support and Positive Interpretation Jae-Sun An, Kyung-Hyun Suh Behavioral Sciences.2023; 13(4): 287. CrossRef
Children's internal migration and subjective wellbeing of older parents left behind: Spiritual or financial support? Ying Lu, Yi-Yang Lin, Jun-Qiao Qu, Yi Zeng, Wan-Zong Wu Frontiers in Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
The Role of Spirituality and Social Support in Iranian Elderly Happiness: A Cross-sectional Study Elahe Ezati, Parisa Hosseinikoukamari, Mahmood Karimy, Jordann Rawlins, Fatemeh Akbartabar, Paria Khalvandi Journal of Education and Community Health.2023; 10(1): 16. CrossRef
Ageing Happily in Ghana: How Does Social Inclusion Contribute? Razak M. Gyasi, André Hajek, Felix Asante, Burnett Tetteh Accam, Solomon Osei‐Tutu, Masoud Rahmati, Vyda Mamley Hervie, Kabila Abass, David R. Phillips Psychogeriatrics.2023; 23(5): 821. CrossRef
The Impact of Living Arrangements and Social Capital on the Well-Being of the Elderly Chun-Chang Lee, Ruo-Yu Huang, Yun-Ling Wu, Wen-Chih Yeh, Hung-Chung Chang Healthcare.2023; 11(14): 2050. CrossRef
The impact of intergenerational support on multidimensional poverty in old age: empirical analysis based on 2018 CLHLS data Hong Tan, Zhihua Dong, Haomiao Zhang Humanities and Social Sciences Communications.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Socio-economic determinants of subjective wellbeing of Indians in the post-liberalization era: evidence from the world value survey Neha Kumari, Naresh Chandra Sahu Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science.2023; 7(4): 1091. CrossRef
Functional limitation and happiness among older adults: the multiple mediating role of intergenerational support and intergenerational relationship Angdi Zhou, Yiwen Song, Xinru Li, Bingqin Hu, Yitong Chen, Peiyao Cui, Jinghua Li Frontiers in Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
The relationship between social support and happiness in older adults referred to health centers in Zarrin Shahr, Iran Zohreh Beygi, Mahnaz Solhi, Seyed Fahim Irandoost, Agha Fatemeh Hoseini Heliyon.2023; 9(9): e19529. CrossRef
Relación entre apoyos y felicidad en adultos mayores en Bogotá, Colombia estudio transversal. Juan Carlos González Quiñones , Glorys Maria Jiménez Martínez, Paola Andrea Prada Ospina, Miller Zea Rojas, Abad Roa Ariza, Jenny Alexandra Pinzón Ramírez Revista Cuarzo.2023; 29(1): 7. CrossRef
Social Support Status of the Elderly Population in Selected Villages in a Central India District Ruchita R. Khandre, Abhishek Raut, Anuj Mundra Indian Journal of Community Medicine.2023; 48(2): 291. CrossRef
Quality of Life and Its Influencing Factors Among Centenarians in Nanjing, China: A Cross-Sectional Study Xin Xu, Yuan Zhao, Siyou Xia, Panpan Cui, Wenmin Tang, Xiaoliang Hu, Bei Wu Social Indicators Research.2022; 160(2-3): 735. CrossRef
Height and quality of life among older adults (50+) in India: a cross-sectional study Y. Selvamani, P. Arokiasamy Journal of Biosocial Science.2022; 54(3): 411. CrossRef
Association between Happiness and Economic Status among Older Adults in Two Myanmar Regions Yuri Sasaki, Yugo Shobugawa, Ikuma Nozaki, Daisuke Takagi, Yuiko Nagamine, Masafumi Funato, Yuki Chihara, Yuki Shirakura, Kay Thi Lwin, Poe Ei Zin, Thae Zarchi Bo, Tomofumi Sone, Hla Hla Win International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(6): 3216. CrossRef
Relationship between morality, happiness, and social support among elderly people Hanem Ahmed Abd El Khalek Ahmed, Bothina Elsayed Said Mohamed Middle East Current Psychiatry.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The Relationship between Social Support and Anxiety among Rural Older People in Elderly Caring Social Organizations: A Cross-Sectional Study Lanlan Zhao, Xin Zheng, Kai Ji, Zhengsheng Wang, Lingzhi Sang, Xuefei Chen, Ling Tang, Ying Zhu, Zhongliang Bai, Ren Chen International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(18): 11411. CrossRef
Comparing the impact of social support on the life satisfaction of widowed and non-widowed elders Hua Tian, Jie Chen Frontiers in Psychology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The Integration and Development of Piano Art and Media Education and Its Influence on the Long-Term Care and Happiness of the Elderly People Xuan Chen, Fangwei Huang, Yingfeng Wang Frontiers in Psychology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Rural-urban and gender differences in the association between community care services and elderly individuals’ mental health: a case from Shaanxi Province, China Liu Yang, Lijian Wang, Xiuliang Dai BMC Health Services Research.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Expressive arts therapy for subjective happiness and loneliness feelings in institutionalized elderly women: A pilot study Komal Mishra, Nishi Misra, Nandita Chaube Asia Pacific Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy.2021; 12(1): 38. CrossRef
Happiness Level and Life Qualıty of the Elderly Living in Different Life Conditions: A Comparative Study Gül DERTLİ, Mehmet KURÇER, Zeynep ERDOĞAN Online Türk Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi.2021; 6(1): 53. CrossRef
Social Support, Happiness, and Self-Rated Health among Older Adults: A Population-Based Study M. Saber, V. Rashedi, M. M. FadakarDavarani, V. Borhaninejad Advances in Gerontology.2021; 11(1): 22. CrossRef
Factors Associated with Happiness among Malaysian Elderly Shamsul Azhar Shah, Nazarudin Safian, Saharuddin Ahmad, Wan Abdul Hannan Wan Ibadullah, Zulkefley bin Mohammad, Siti Rohani Nurumal, Juliana Mansor, Mohd Fairuz Addnan, Yugo Shobugawa International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(7): 3831. CrossRef
Core Self-evaluation, Generativity, and Religious Experiences as Predictors of Social Support Giving and Its Relation to Happiness in Thai Elderly Suchinkanlayanatham Wichienthano, Duchduen Bhanthumnavin, Duangduen Bhanthumnavin International Journal for Innovation Education and Research.2021; 9(6): 56. CrossRef
Are there heterogeneous impacts of social support on subjective well-being? Qingqing Hu, Xiaobing Wang, Mark Xu National Accounting Review.2021; 3(4): 360. CrossRef
Unmet Healthcare Needs Among Elderly Malaysians Shamsul Azhar Shah, Nazarudin Safian, Saharuddin Ahmad, Siti Rohani Nurumal, Zulkefley Mohammad, Juliana Mansor, Wan Abdul Hannan Wan Ibadullah, Yugo Shobugawa, Megumi Rosenberg Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare.2021; Volume 14: 2931. CrossRef
The effectiveness of an educational intervention to enhance happiness in Iranian older people: Applying social support theory Babak Moeini, Majid Barati, Maryam Farhadian, Milad Heydari Ara Australasian Journal on Ageing.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Who is happier among preclinical medical students: the impact of chronotype preference Makbule Neslisah Tan, Vildan Mevsim, Merve Pozlu Cifci, Huseyin Sayan, Anıl Emre Ercan, Omerul Faruk Ergin, Umut Oksuz, Salih Ensari Chronobiology International.2020; 37(8): 1163. CrossRef
Relationship between Happiness and Mental Health with Social Capital among Health Workers Babak Moeini, Forouzan Rezapur-Shahkolai, Leili Tapak, Azam Geravandi, Shahryar Parsamajd Journal of Education and Community Health.2020; 7(2): 119. CrossRef
Effect of Spiritual Intelligence on Quality of Nursing Care of Educational and Treatment Hospitals in Hamadan Zohre Sabzianpur, Soraya Nuri Avicenna Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Care.2019; 27(1): 18. CrossRef
What motivates informal caregivers of people with dementia (PWD): a qualitative study Shakiba Zahed, Maryam Emami, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Ahmad Ali Eslami, Majid Barekatain, Fereshteh Zamani-Alavijeh BMC Palliative Care.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
The impact of social support on the quality of life of the elderly from rural areas Milena Despotović, Dragana Ristić-Ignjatović, Gorica Sbutega-Milošević, Mile Despotović, Ljiljana Antić Medicinski casopis.2019; 53(3): 86. CrossRef
The relationship between quality of life and social support among nurses: A cross-sectional study Fatemeh Shojaei, Maryam Puryaghoob, Malihe Babahaji, SomayyeGhavipanje Rezaei, Samira Jafari Industrial Psychiatry Journal.2019; 28(2): 242. CrossRef
First
Prev
