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"Byung Sung Kim"

Original Articles

The Relationship between Psychological Factors and Weight Gain
Hye Jin Jang, Byung Sung Kim, Chang Won Won, Sun Young Kim, Myung Weon Seo
Korean J Fam Med 2020;41(6):381-368.   Published online May 14, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.19.0049
Background
This study aimed to investigate stress, depression, sleeping time, physical activity, and dietary patterns as factors causing weight gain and investigate which of these factors have a greater effect on weight gain.
Methods
Data were obtained from the seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2016. Among the respondents, 3,163 adults aged 19–64 years were included in the survey, after excluding non-responders and those with diseases that may affect weight change. The t-test and chi-square test were used to analyze the relationship between weight gain and general characteristics. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate weight changes according to stress, depression, sleep time, physical activity, and dietary patterns and evaluate the odds ratios (ORs) for measuring these associations.
Results
Participants in the weight gain group were younger and more likely to be obese than those in the control group. Factors that could cause weight gain among women were stress awareness (OR, 1.271; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.012–1.597), physical inactivity (OR, 1.250; 95% CI, 1.018–1.535), and skipping breakfast (OR, 1.277; 95% CI, 1.028–1.587). Depression was significantly associated with weight gain among women, but not after adjusting for other variables. There were no significant associations with sleeping time. None of these factors in men were significantly associated with weight gain.
Conclusion
Stress awareness was significantly associated with weight gain among women, while other psychological factors were not significantly associated with weight gain.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Body mass as a result of psychological, lifestyle and genetic determinants. A pilot study involving overweight/obese and normal weight women in their early adulthood
    Małgorzata Obara-Gołębiowska, Katarzyna Eufemia Przybyłowicz, Anna Danielewicz, Tomasz Sawicki, Asif Jan
    PLOS ONE.2024; 19(12): e0314942.     CrossRef
  • Weightism in Asia: A Narrative Review and Implications for Practice
    Shubashini Mathialagan, Poh Li Lau
    Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome.2024; 33(4): 314.     CrossRef
  • Weight Changes and Unhealthy Weight Control Behaviors Are Associated With Dysmenorrhea in Young Women
    Kyunghee Han, Nam-Kyoo Lim, Hansol Choi, Bo Mi Song, Hyun-Young Park
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Factors Associated with Breakfast Skipping and Its Attitude among Undergraduate Students of King Khalid University
    Amani Hamad Alhazmi
    King Khalid University Journal of Health Sciences.2023; 8(1): 85.     CrossRef
  • Gender Differences in the Relationships between Perceived Stress, Eating Behaviors, Sleep, Dietary Risk, and Body Mass Index
    Chen Du, Mary Adjepong, Megan Chong Hueh Zan, Min Jung Cho, Jenifer I. Fenton, Pao Ying Hsiao, Laura Keaver, Heesoon Lee, Mary-Jon Ludy, Wan Shen, Winnie Chee Siew Swee, Jyothi Thrivikraman, Felicity Amoah-Agyei, Emilie de Kanter, Wenyan Wang, Robin M. Tu
    Nutrients.2022; 14(5): 1045.     CrossRef
  • Current status of health promotion in Korea
    Soo Young Kim
    Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(12): 776.     CrossRef
  • Current status and treatment of obesity in Korea
    Jae-Heon Kang
    Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(12): 783.     CrossRef
  • The Use of Self-Help Strategies in Obesity Treatment. A Narrative Review Focused on Hypnosis and Mindfulness
    Marianna Pellegrini, Sara Carletto, Elena Scumaci, Valentina Ponzo, Luca Ostacoli, Simona Bo
    Current Obesity Reports.2021; 10(3): 351.     CrossRef
  • Physical Activity, Stress, Depression, Emotional Intelligence, Logical Thinking, and Overall Health in a Large Lithuanian from October 2019 to June 2020: Age and Gender Differences Adult Sample
    Albertas Skurvydas, Ausra Lisinskiene, Marc Lochbaum, Daiva Majauskiene, Dovile Valanciene, Ruta Dadeliene, Natalja Fatkulina, Asta Sarkauskiene
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(23): 12809.     CrossRef
  • Factors Predisposing to Weight Gain in Young Adults during COVID-19 Home Confinement
    Alexandra M. Stănilă, Mihaela Oraviţan, Marius L. Matichescu, Cătălin V. Stănilă, Cristiana A. Avram, Bogdan Almăjan-Guţă, Claudiu Avram
    Timisoara Physical Education and Rehabilitation Journal.2021; 14(26): 17.     CrossRef
  • Why Does Weight Gain Put More Stress on Women?
    Young Gyu Cho
    Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2020; 41(6): 363.     CrossRef
  • 6,149 View
  • 146 Download
  • 10 Web of Science
  • 11 Crossref
Health Behavior and Factors Associated with Depression in North Korean Adolescent Defectors in South Korea: The Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey, 2011–2014
Min Joung Kim, Seon Yeong Yu, Sunyoung Kim, Chang Won Won, Hyunrim Choi, Byung Sung Kim
Korean J Fam Med 2017;38(5):256-262.   Published online September 22, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2017.38.5.256
Background

The number of North Korean adolescent defectors entering South Korea has been increasing. The health behavior, including mental health-related behavior, and factors associated with depression in North Korean adolescent defectors residing in South Korea were investigated.

Methods

Data obtained from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey (2011–2014) dataset were utilized. In total, 206 North Korean adolescent defectors were selected, and for the control group, 618 matched South Korean adolescents were selected. Frequency analysis was used to determine the place of birth and nationality of the parents, chi-square tests were used to compare the general characteristics of the North and South Korean subjects, and multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to compare the health behavior of the two sets of subjects. To determine the factors associated with depression in the North Korean subjects, a logistic regression was performed.

Results

The North Korean adolescents reported higher current smoking (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.48 to 4.35), current drinking (aOR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.15 to 2.99), and drug use rates (aOR, 10.99; 95% CI, 4.04 to 29.88) than did the South Korean adolescents. The factors associated with depression in the North Korean adolescents were current smoking (aOR, 6.99; 95% CI, 1.62 to 30.06), lifetime drinking experience (aOR, 5.32; 95% CI, 1.51 to 18.75), and perceived stress (aOR, 4.74; 95% CI, 1.74 to 12.90).

Conclusion

There were differences in health behavior between the North and South Korean adolescents. A specialized approach for North Korean adolescent defectors is required to promote proper health behavior and adaptation to South Korean society.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Lifestyle health behaviors and experience of depression among middle and high school students in South Korea: A comparison between 2010–2013 and 2020–2023
    Euijun Yang, Hyekyung Woo
    Preventive Medicine Reports.2025; 55: 103102.     CrossRef
  • Stressors and Coping Methods of Turkish Adolescents With High and Low Risk of Depression: A Qualitative Study
    Burcu Özkul, Neslihan Partlak Günüşen
    Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association.2021; 27(6): 458.     CrossRef
  • Reciprocal Prediction between Impulsivity and Problematic Internet Use among North Korean Refugee Youths in South Korea by Gender and Adverse Childhood Experience
    Eun-Sun Lee, Minji Lee, Jin Yong Jun, Subin Park
    Psychiatry Investigation.2021; 18(3): 225.     CrossRef
  • Suicide Attempts and Contributing Factors among South and North Korean-Family Youth Using the Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey
    Soo Jung Rim, Min Geu Lee, Subin Park
    Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.2020; 31(1): 33.     CrossRef
  • Trauma History and Mental Health of North Korean Defectors
    Jin-Won Noh, So Hee Lee
    Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports.2020; 7(4): 250.     CrossRef
  • Relationships between depression, health‑related behaviors, and internet addiction in female junior college students
    Shang-Yu Yang, Shih-Hau Fu, Kai-Li Chen, Pei-Lun Hsieh, Pin-Hsuan Lin, Luca Cerniglia
    PLOS ONE.2019; 14(8): e0220784.     CrossRef
  • Related Factors of Suicidal Ideation among North Korean Refugee Youth in South Korea
    Subin Park, Soo Jung Rim, Jin Yong Jun
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2018; 15(8): 1694.     CrossRef
  • 5,348 View
  • 62 Download
  • 9 Web of Science
  • 7 Crossref
Body Mass Index and Mortality according to Gender in a Community-Dwelling Elderly Population: The 3-Year Follow-up Findings from the Living Profiles of Older People Surveys in Korea
Seon Yeong Yu, Byung Sung Kim, Chang Won Won, Hyunrim Choi, Sunyoung Kim, Hyung Woo Kim, Min Joung Kim
Korean J Fam Med 2016;37(6):317-322.   Published online November 18, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2016.37.6.317
Background

Body mass index is widely regarded as an important predictor of mortality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between body mass index and mortality and to compare community-dwelling elderly people in South Korea according to sex.

Methods

Data were collected from the 2008 and 2011 Living Profiles of Older People Surveys, which comprised 10,613 community-living South Korean men and women aged 65 years or older. The participants were stratified into five groups according to body mass index as defined by the World Health Organization guidelines. The sociodemographic characteristics of participants and mortality rates were compared across the body mass index groups.

Results

The highest survival rates were observed in men with a body mass index of 25.0–29.9 kg/m2. A similar trend was observed in women, but it was not statistically significant. After adjusting for covariates, this association was also found in men across all BMI index groups, but not in women.

Conclusion

This study supports previous findings that overweight or mild obesity is associated with the lowest mortality and suggests that the current categories of obesity require revision. Furthermore, the absence of statistically significant findings in the female cohort suggests that body mass index is not a suitable predictor of mortality in women and that an alternative is required.

Citations

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  • Effects of ambient air pollution on obesity and ectopic fat deposition: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
    Mehnaz Munir, Sandi M Azab, Shrikant I Bangdiwala, Om Kurmi, Dany Doiron, Jeffrey Brook, Laura Banfield, Russell J de Souza
    BMJ Open.2024; 14(2): e080026.     CrossRef
  • Association of Underweight and Hand Grip Strength with the Risk of All-cause Mortality in Older Adults
    Min-jun Kim, Tae-woong Oh
    Korean Journal of Sport Science.2023; : 547.     CrossRef
  • The Prognostic Value of Combined Status of Body Mass Index and Psychological Well-Being for the Estimation of All-Cause and CVD Mortality Risk: Results from a Long-Term Cohort Study in Lithuania
    Dalia Lukšienė, Abdonas Tamosiunas, Ricardas Radisauskas, Martin Bobak
    Medicina.2022; 58(11): 1591.     CrossRef
  • Association between body mass index and cognition function and all-cause mortality in Korean elderly people
    Jae-Hyun Kim
    Obesity Medicine.2020; 17: 100174.     CrossRef
  • Body mass index and mortality among community-dwelling elderly of Southern Brazil
    Andressa Souza Cardoso, Mariana Otero Xavier, Caroline dos Santos Costa, Elaine Tomasi, Juraci Almeida Cesar, Maria Cristina Gonzalez, Marlos Rodrigues Domingues, Thiago Gonzalez Barbosa-Silva, Renata Moraes Bielemann
    Preventive Medicine.2020; 139: 106173.     CrossRef
  • Prognostic effect of body mass index to mortality in Korean older persons
    Haksun Kim, Jong L Yoon, Aeyoung Lee, Yujin Jung, Mee Y Kim, Jung J Cho, Young S Ju
    Geriatrics & Gerontology International.2018; 18(4): 538.     CrossRef
  • The Definition of Obesity
    Soo Young Kim
    Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2016; 37(6): 309.     CrossRef
  • 4,356 View
  • 48 Download
  • 6 Web of Science
  • 7 Crossref
Predictability of Various Serial Subtractions on Global Deterioration Scale According to Education Level
Joong Soo Kim, Chang Won Won, Byung Sung Kim, Hyun Rim Choi
Korean J Fam Med 2013;34(5):327-333.   Published online September 26, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2013.34.5.327
Background

The serial 100-7s subtraction, an item on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), is well known for being difficult for uneducated people. Therefore, we investigated into alternative serial subtractions for serial 100-7s subtraction in uneducated people.

Methods

One hundred sixty-nine subjects were enrolled by neurologic or neuropsychiatric out-patient clinics in 4 university medical centers. The subjects were divided into two groups: an uneducated group and an educated group (at least primary schooling) by questionnaire. We investigated the correlation between incorrect number of serial subtractions and Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) score in both groups and undertook receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. MMSE including serial 40-4s subtraction, serial 20-2s subtraction, and serial 10-1s subtraction instead of serial 100-7s subtraction were arbitrally named MMSE4, MMSE2, and MMSE1.

Results

In the educated group, serial 100-7s subtraction showed the highest correlation with GDS score (correlation coefficient, 0.465; P < 0.001). In the uneducated group, serial 40-4s subtraction showed the highest correlation with GDS score (correlation coefficient, 0.608; P < 0.001), and serial 100-7s indicated the lowest correlation (correlation coefficient, 0.378; P = 0.023). In ROC curve analysis for MMSE, MMSE4, MMSE2, and MMSE1 to assess the presence of dementia (GDS score ≥ 3) in uneducated subjects, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.648, 0.770, 0.758, and 0.711, respectively, and in educated subjects, AUC for MMSE, MMSE4, MMSE2, and MMSE1 was 0.729, 0.719, 0.716, and 0.714, respectively.

Conclusion

Out of MMSE items, serial 100-7s is adequate in the educated elderly, but may be less adequate in the uneducated elderly. Serial 40-4s seems to be more appropriate for MMSE in the uneducated elderly.

Citations

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  • Single-Task and Dual-Task Gait Performance After Sport-Related Concussion: A Machine Learning Statistical Approach
    Nicholas G. Murray, Brian Szekely, Madison R. Taylor, Kristen G. Quigley, Joseph McCarley, Nora Constantino, Kumiko Hashida, Kaori Tamura
    Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach.2025; 17(4): 666.     CrossRef
  • Chinese Version of the Baylor Profound Mental Status Examination: A Brief Staging Measure for Patients with Severe Alzheimer's Disease
    X. Fu, W. Yu, M. Ke, X. Wang, J. Zhang, T. Luo, P.J. Massman, R.S. Doody, Yang Lü
    The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease.2021; 8(2): 175.     CrossRef
  • Mini-Mental State Examination in Brazil: An Item Response Theory Analysis
    Denise Mendonça de Melo, Altemir José Gonçalves Barbosa, Nelimar Ribeiro de Castro, Anita Liberalesso Neri
    Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto).2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Oral health in Alzheimer’s disease: a multicenter case-control study
    F. Aragón, M. A. Zea-Sevilla, J. Montero, P. Sancho, R. Corral, C. Tejedor, B. Frades-Payo, V. Paredes-Gallardo, A. Albaladejo
    Clinical Oral Investigations.2018; 22(9): 3061.     CrossRef
  • 6,582 View
  • 52 Download
  • 4 Crossref
Obesity Indices and Obesity-Related Quality of Life in Adults 65 Years and Older.
Kyu Hee Chae, Chang Won Won, Hyunrim Choi, Byung Sung Kim
Korean J Fam Med 2010;31(7):540-546.   Published online July 20, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2010.31.7.540
Background
Obesity is known to influence on physical, mental, functional health problems but there have been no study of relationship between body mass index (BMI) and quality of life (QOL) in Korean elderly. Methods: A total of 216 elderly who had been attending two geriatric welfare facilities in Seoul answered the Korean version of obesity-related quality of life (KOQOL) questionnaire. Height, weight, waist circumference were measured. Body fat (%) was measured with HTM20 by impedance technique. Sociodemographic and medical factors were interviewed. QOL was assessed using KOQOL (ver.1) after excluding two sexual life related questions and one work related question. The total score is 48 points. The higher is the score, the poorer is the QOL. Results: In multivariable analysis, BMI, age, history of diabetes mellitus, history of osteoarthritis were associated with KOQOL score. Especially, BMI was significantly associated with KOQOL score after adjusting for waist circumference, body fat (%) (P = 0.002). Conclusion: The more BMI increases, the worse the obesity related QOL is in Korean ambulatory elderly.

Citations

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  • Affecting Factors for Dietary, Exercise and Behavioral Modification of Women on Diet Improvement through Mediating Effects of Improve the Quality of Life
    Yoojin Oh
    Asian Journal of Beauty and Cosmetology.2023; 21(1): 29.     CrossRef
  • Factors Affecting the Deterioration of the Physical Health Status of Taxi Drivers by Age Group
    Jongsun Ok, Kyonghwa Kang, Hyeongsu Kim
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(6): 3429.     CrossRef
  • Efficacy and safety of Euiiyin-tang in Korean women with obesity: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial
    Chunhoo Cheon, Yun-Kyung Song, Seong-Gyu Ko
    Complementary Therapies in Medicine.2020; 51: 102423.     CrossRef
  • The associations between body mass index (BMI) and life satisfaction among older adults: Focusing on mediating effects of depressive symptoms
    Hae Sook Jeon
    Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2019; 36(3): 83.     CrossRef
  • Association between body mass index and health-related quality of life among Chinese elderly—evidence from a community-based study
    Hua You, Xiao-lu Li, Kang-zhen Jing, Zhi-guang Li, Hong-mei Cao, Jin Wang, Lan Bai, Jing-hong Gu, Xiaoman Fan, Hai Gu
    BMC Public Health.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Euiiyin-tang in the treatment of obesity: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
    Chunhoo Cheon, Soobin Jang, Jeong-Su Park, Youme Ko, Doh Sun Kim, Byung Hoon Lee, Hyun Jong Song, Yun-Kyung Song, Bo-Hyoung Jang, Yong-Cheol Shin, Seong-Gyu Ko
    Trials.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Factors affecting aging cognitive function among community‐dwelling older adults
    Chun‐Ja Kim, JeeWon Park, Se‐Won Kang, Elizabeth A. Schlenk
    International Journal of Nursing Practice.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Association between Body Mass Index and Quality of Life in Elderly People over 60 Years of Age
    Gyeongsil Lee, Jiyoung Park, Seung-Won Oh, Hee-Kyung Joh, Seung-Sik Hwang, Jeehyun Kim, Danbee Park
    Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2017; 38(4): 181.     CrossRef
  • Body Mass Index (BMI)-Related Factors of Community-Dwelling Elders: Comparison between Early and Late Elderly People
    Hye Sun Hyun, In Sook Lee
    Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2013; 24(1): 62.     CrossRef
  • 2,668 View
  • 46 Download
  • 9 Crossref
Influence of Loneliness on Cognitive Decline among Elderly Living Alone in Korea: One Year Prospective Study.
Sung Hoon Lee, Chang Won Won, Hak Soon Baek, Key Chung Park, Byung Sung Kim, Hyun Rim Choi, Young Ho Hong
J Korean Acad Fam Med 2008;29(9):695-702.   Published online September 10, 2008
Background: Dementia is the most important factor affecting everyday life of the elderly and there have been studies on the relationship between dementia and social withdrawal or loneliness. However, there is a lack of investigations on the relationship between loneliness and cognitive function in the elderly living alone. Methods: Ninety five community-dwelling elderly people registered to Sungbook elderly welfare center in Seoul, who were living alone, were enrolled in the study. Personal visits by three pre-trained researchers were made during April 2006. One year later, 11 elderly dropped out, and 84 elderly were interviewed in the same way. They were interviewed based on loneliness scale, social support, Hasegawa dementia scale, instrumental activities of daily living, and depression. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 78.3 years. Most of them were women (90.5%) and education level was low (no schooling in 69%). The loneliness scale did not change much during one year (P=0.63), but the instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) score had worsened from 10.5 to 11.2 (P=0.002) The mean Hasegawa dementia scale score decreased from 23.2 to 21.0 during one year (P<0.001). Multivariate regression analysis for the one-year difference in Hasegawa Dementia Scale revealed loneliness was a significant factor after adjusting for age, the level of education, social support, IADL score, and depression (regression coefficient=−0.712, P=0.02). Conclusion: Loneliness was associated with a decline in cognitive function in the elderly people living alone. In contrast, social withdrawal and depression had no effect on changes of cognitive function during one year. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2008;29:695-702)
  • 1,740 View
  • 49 Download
Geriatrics in Family Medicine Residency Program: Training Conditions and Suggestions.
Bodri Son, Chang Won Won, Il Sin Kim, Hyun Rim Choi, Byung Sung Kim
J Korean Acad Fam Med 2008;29(9):687-694.   Published online September 10, 2008
Background: With the number of geriatric population on a steep increase, the roles of family physicians broaden to give comprehensive medical care to the elderly. Therefore, geriatrics is becoming increasingly more important for the residents of family medicine. The authors have surveyed and researched on resident's current attention, actual training conditions, and future needs on geriatrics. Methods: Family medicine residents in 79 hospitals registered to Korean Family Medicine Resident Union were enrolled. By means of electronic and postage mail surveys, informations were gathered; including demographics, the order of importance of nine training curricula, the necessity of training itself, the facility and academic conference of geriatrics training. Results: A total of 173 residents in 45 hospitals replied with return rates of 51.9%. Among the total, 169 (97.7%) of the answered agreed on the necessity of geriatrics training. Of the nine curricula, geriatrics was considered the most important. And residents considered family medicine outpatient department and inpatient ward to be the most important place for geriatrics training. Furthermore, the residents considered elderly's diseases or symptoms as more important conference title, but the parameters such as the quality of life, physiology of aging, care in nursing home were considered less important. Conclusion: The geriatrics training program is not up to the standards of residents' satisfaction. This is considered to be due to the absence of a formal training program. To provide a better care for the elderly, it is compulsory to gain broad knowledge of geriatrics and actual experience out in the field. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2008;29:687-694)
  • 1,311 View
  • 8 Download
Relationship of Helicobacter pylori Infection with Appetite.
Min Han Kang, Chang Won Won, Yung Ho Ha, Hak Soon Baek, Hyun Rim Choi, Byung Sung Kim
J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007;28(12):909-915.   Published online December 10, 2007
Background
It has been reported that H.pylori causes changes in fundic leptin levels and plasma levels of ghrelin, and that eradication of H.pylori infection can increase appetite. There is also a report that showed changes of appetite between before and after eradication of H.pylori in peritoneal dialysis patients. Our study investigated the degree of appetite between H.pylori negative group and H.pylori positive group in adults. Methods: The subjects included those without appetite- related diseases. We carried out gastroscopy and then performed CLO test in subjects who had no gastric lesions. We interviewed the study subjects about appetite related behavior (three items: desire to eat, hunger before meal, deliciousness) using visual analogue scale. We examined the appetite related behavior between CLO (-) group and CLO (+) group. Results: The difference of age, sex, height, weight, body mass index, alcohol con sumption, blood pressure, hemoglobin, fasting blood sugar, AST, ALT, GGT between CLO (-) group and CLO (+) group were not statistically significant. The difference of appetite related behavior (three items) between CLO (-) group and CLO (+) group was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The degree of appetite between CLO (-) group and CLO (+) group was not different. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007;28:909-915)
  • 1,357 View
  • 14 Download
Validity and Reliability of Korean Version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) Short Form.
Ji Yeon Oh, Yun Jun Yang, Byung Sung Kim, Jae Hun Kang
J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007;28(7):532-541.   Published online July 10, 2007
Background
This study was performed to evaluate the reliability and the validity of the Korean version of IPAQ short form. Method: Sixty-nine volunteer adults completed the questionnaires twice at 1 week interval, and the second one was compared to the results of Actical in order to test validity. Results: The Korean version of IPAQ was accepted as a proper one by the IPAQ developers. Spearman Rho coefficients and Kappa values of test-retest reliability were 0.427∼0.646 (median 0.542) and 0.365∼0.620 (median 0.471), respectively. The Kappa values were above 0.4 in 5 out of 7 questionnaires. The more physically active by the short form questionnaire, the higher the measured value of the Actical (P=0.039). Spearman Rho coefficient was 0.267 for the correlation between the results of the questionnaire and measured values by Actical. Conclusion: The reliability and the validity of the IPAQ short form were proven. Follow-up studies are needed. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007;28:532-541)
  • 10,006 View
  • 1,016 Download
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Functional Constipation in the Elderly.
Hyung Jun Kim, Chang Won Won, Hyun Rim Choi, Byung Sung Kim, Jeung Eun Kim, Hyo Jong Kim, Jong Myun Bae, Hyun Mi Hwang
J Korean Acad Fam Med 2006;27(9):693-698.   Published online September 10, 2006
Background
: Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are believed to be common in the general population, and constipation is one of the most representative GI symptoms. However, the prevalence and risk factors of functional constipation are not well known in Korea. We aimed to study the prevalence of, and risk factors for, constipation in the elderly.

Methods : We randomly selected 852 among 854 (excluded by cancer and dementia) subjects, ages 65 yr and older, in three different geriatric welfare facilities in December, 2003. The prevalence of functional constipation was based on the Rome II criteria and the survey on risk factors for constipation was performed.

Results : Functional constipation had a prevalence of 26.6% and there was no difference between men and women. Exercise, fluid·fruit·vegetable intake, anal diseases and age related risk factors were associated with constipation.

Conclusion : In the elderly, constipation is a common complaint. Further studies are now required for risk factors of constipation.
  • 1,890 View
  • 29 Download
Insulin Resistance in Adolescence and the Related Factors: in 10th Grade High School Students in Seoul.
Sun Hyung Kim, Hyun Rim Choi, Chang Won Won, Byung Sung Kim, Sung Woon Kim, Jung Yeun Choi, Kyu Hee Chae
J Korean Acad Fam Med 2005;26(12):759-765.   Published online December 10, 2005
  • 1,151 View
  • 9 Download
Prevalence of Mental Disorders in Family Practice Centers in Korea and the Utility of a Diagnostic Tool.
Young Sik Kim, Yeong Sook Yoon, Jeong Yeol Oh, Hee Tak Ryu, Dae Hyun Kim, Young Sung Suh, Byung Sung Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Sang Wook Song, Jungkwon Lee
J Korean Acad Fam Med 2005;26(11):699-705.   Published online November 10, 2005
Background
: A considerable portion of patients in primary care are thought to have mental disorders in Korea. But they are not easily noticed and are thus underdiagnosed and approached improperly. This study was done to assess the prevalence of common mental disorders in a hospital-based family practice and to evaluate the utility of a diagnostic tool, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ).

Methods : Ten or more patients each day were systematically selected in family practice clinics for two weeks in a university and a community hospital-based family practice clinics in Seoul, Korea. Routine care was delivered as a control during the first week and the PHQ was administered to patients during the second week and the physicians were allowed to review the PHQ just before making clinical decisions. Physicians were asked to answer whether they recognized patients' with mental disorders before reviewing the PHQ.

Results : The prevalence of mental disorders was higher in the test group than the control except for eating disorders and other anxiety disorders (P<0.05)(test vs. control group): major depressive disorders 1.75% vs. 3.8%, other depressive disorders 6.8% vs. 11.4%, panic disorders 0.6% vs. 2.3, somatoform disorders 3% vs. 5%, alcohol abuse 2.2% vs. 8.7%, and any mental disorders 20.9% vs. 29.4%. In the test group, the percentage (95% confidence interval in parenthesis) of newly diagnosed mental disorders after physicians' review of the PHQ were 66% (49∼82) in major depressive disorders, 70% (50∼90) in panic disorders, 70% (56∼83) in somatoform disorders, 84% (75∼92) in alcohol abuse, and 68% (62∼74) in any mental disorders. Patients' response to the PHQ was overall very receptive.

Conclusion : One-week prevalence of common mental disorders in the hospital-based family practice was 29.4% and the PHQ tool was efficient to help the family physicians recognize hidden mental disorders.
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A Change in Referral from Department of Family Medicine to Other Departments of One Tertiary Hospital after Partial Changes in Health Care System.
Yong Min Yang, Hyun Rim Choi, Byung Sung Kim, Chang Won Won, Won Wha Kim
J Korean Acad Fam Med 2003;24(10):934-941.   Published online October 10, 2003
Background
: Since March 1, 1989, a new health care system has been introduced. But the departments of ENT, ophthalmology, dermatology and PMR (rehabilitation medicine) in tertiary health care hospitals were exempted from the new system and were allowed to see patients directly. Thereafter, the Ministry of Health revised the National Health Insurance regulation, and required the above departments to see patients only with referral. This study was done to analyze whether the revision has contributed to providing adequate specialized medical services and to know what role family physicians can assume under revision by analyzing the referred patients.

Methods : From November 1998 to June 2000 and from July 2000 to February 2002, both 20 months, we reviewed the charts of 331 patients who were referred from family medicine department of KHMC (Kyung Hee Medical Center) to the above four departments and analysis has done.

Results : During both periods, the number of cases increased from 94 to 237, and the patients group had no significant difference in age and sex. Reviewing the number of referred cases, before revision, cases were concentrated to the department of ENT and to PMR. After revision, cases were evenly distributed in three departments. except for PMR. Reviewing referral contents, the three departments except for dermatology showed no significant difference.

Conclusion : The sum of cases increased by 2.5 times, but the three departments except for dermatology showed no significant difference in referral and diagnosis content. In dermatology, the majority of the patients wanted a referral with the objective of obtaining a referral paper. Therefore, we can consider that the revision didnot contribute to specialized medical services. But after revision, referral cases to ophthalmology and dermatology increased by 4 and 6 times. We recommend that family physicians know and experience more about these.
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Blood Pressure Difference between Right and Left Arms of Some College Freshmen.
Ha Jin Kim, Chang Won Won, Eun Suk Ann, Jung Ju Jung, Byung Sung Kim, Hyun Rim Choi
J Korean Acad Fam Med 2003;24(2):166-171.   Published online February 10, 2003
Background
: Hypertension is a main cause of heart blood vessel disease. To diagnose and treat hypertension, it is necessary to measure blood pressure accurately. There are various factors that influence blood pressure. According to real clinical demonstrators and some recent studies, blood pressure differences between right and left arms are often observed. This study was intended to know whether the differences are really found and wheather the correlation exists between mid-arm circumferences and the blood pressure differences according to right-handed or left-handed which were considered as an important factor in affecting blood pressures.

Methods : One hundred sixty nine college freshmen of year 2001 were chosen. Among them, 103 were right- handed and 66 left-handed. Which arms to be checked first were determined randomly. This sequence was repeated two times on each person. Their mid-arm circumferences were measured, also.

Results : For right-handed persons, systolic blood pressure in right arm (119.2±12.3 mmHg) was significantly higher than in left arm (118.0±12.0 mmHg) (P<0.005). But diastolic blood pressure differences between right arm (75.3±10.0 mmHg) and left arm (75.0±9.5 mmHg) was not significant statistically. For left-handed persons, systolic blood pressure was 120.3±9.9 mmHg in right arm and 120.0±10.3 mmHg in left arm. However, diastolic blood pressure in right arm (76.7±9.4 mmHg) was significantly higher than in left arm (75.0±8.6 mmHg) (P<0.005). For right handed persons, their arm circumferences (26.2±2.8 cm) were significantly thicker than left ones (25.9±2.9 cm). For left-handed, left arm circumference (25.9±2.7 cm) was significantly thicker than right one (25.5±2.6 cm). As for the blood pressure difference in arm tested order, the first measured systolic blood pressure (right arm; 120.9±11.7 mmHg, left arm; 120.0±11.9 mmHg) was significantly higher than the second measured one (right arm; 118.3±11.8 mmHg, left arm; 117.8±11.6 mmHg) (P<0.005). However, the first measured diastolic blood pressure (right arm; 76.3±10.5 mmHg, left arm; 75.5±9.4 mmHg) did not have more significance than the second measured one (right arm; 75.4±9.9 mmHg, left arm; 74.6±10.8 mmHg).

Conclusion : The right-handed person's blood pressure was higher in the right arm, but for the left-handed persons it was not significantly different in both arms. The second measurement of blood pressure was lower than the first measurement in both arms. The arm circumference depending on the right/left-handedness influenced the blood pressure, but clear correlation between them was not observed. Therefore, if possible, when the blood pressure is measured, it is advised to check blood pressure in both arms before diagnosing hypertension.
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The reliability and validity of the Korean family function assessment tool.
Ji Ho Choi, Ho Cheol Shin, Hyun Lim Choi, Byung Sung Kim, Jang Won Won
J Korean Acad Fam Med 2002;23(3):292-300.   Published online March 1, 2002
Background
: We developed Korean Family Function Assessment Tool(KFFAT). In order to confide in the results of the KFFAT, it was necessary to verify the psychometric properties(validity and reliability).

Methods : To evaluate the reliability of the KFFAT, internal consistency and scale-item correlation was carried out with 800 middle and high school students and their 800 parents. A three-week interval test-retest was also carried out with 50 high school students and their 50 parents.
In addition, the KFFAT was compared to the family APGAR and the FACES III to evaluate the validity with 800 middle and high school students and their 800 parents.

Results : Cronbach alpha of each scale was 0.55-0.88 and overall scale-item correlation coefficient was believed to be appropriate. Pearson's correlation coefficient of test-retest was 0.49-0.79 in each scale. There is little correlation between the Family APGAR and the FACES III with the KFFAT. However, the KFFAT shows similar results in the function of family with the Family APGAR and the FACES III.

Conclusion : From this reliability and validity test results, the Korean Family Function Assessment Toll(KFFAT) could be used as a assessment tool of Korean family function.
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Relationship between physical activity and the amount of maximal oxygen uptake of the freshmen of a university: Comparing students of college of physical education and general college.
Jae Hong Park, Byung Sung Kim, Hyun Rim Choi, Jang Won Won, Chan Young Choi
J Korean Acad Fam Med 2001;22(11):1637-1646.   Published online November 1, 2001
Background
: Thesedays, the physical strength of adolescents had been weakened compared to the past, The reasons are that adolescents like to enjoy watching TV or video and PC in their rooms and going to school by car even though it is near distance. Therefore, the authors were to investigate the relationship between their physical activity and the amount of maximal oxygen uptake.

Methods : The subjects of this study were 103 freshmen of the college of physical education and 115 freshmen of general college of a university. The instruments used in this study are the step-test and the questionnaire which is composed of sex, age, physical activity, inactivity, rate of perceived exertion, and sports activity.

Results : The quantity of the physical activity of the freshmen of the college of physical education such as daily walking distance, floors of step-up and active sports was significantly higher than that of the freshmen of general college. The hours spent on sitting in chair is less than that of freshmen of general college. The quantity of physical inactivity such as watching TV or video and using PC of freshmen of the college of physical education was lower than that of freshmen of general college. The amount of maximal oxygen uptake(VO2max) estimated by the step-test was significantly higher in freshmen of the college of physical education than those of general college.

Conclusion : The amount of maximal oxygen uptake of the freshmen of the college of physical education was higher than that of freshmen of general college. And VO2max was related with physical activity, sports activity and RPE.
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A prospective study on the antihypertensive monotherapy in family practice.
Young Sik Kim, Byung Sung Kim, Kyung Soo Kim, Hoon Ki Park, Yoo Seock Cheong, Esther Yeo, Tae Hee Jun, Seung Pil Jung, Ji Ho Choi, Sang Yeoup Lee, Yun Jin Kim, Young Kyu Park
J Korean Acad Fam Med 2001;22(6):828-839.   Published online June 1, 2001
Background
: There are very few cohort studies on the hypertension in family practice. In order to investigate epidemiological characteristics of hypertensive patients and assess the safety and tolerabiliy of newly prescribed antihypertensive monotherapies in Korean patients, a prospective study was carried out.

Methods : A total of 1,181 patients were observed from July 1997 to August 1999. At 2,4,8 and 12 weeks after initiation of antihypertensive monotherapy, the patients were evaluated for whether treatment is continued and development of any adverse reactions.

Results : Calcium channel blockers(CCBs) were the most commonly prescribed initial drug class(44.2%) in family practice, followed by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors(ACEI) (21.0%), angiotensin II receptor antagonists(ARA) (11.8%), B-blockers(9.6%), a-blockers(3.9%), and diuretics(3.6%), During the first 12 weeks, the percentage of subjects continuing their initial ACEIs(40.7%) was substantially lower than the percentages that of subjects continuing ARAs(66.2%), a- blockers*(63.0%), CCBs(61.3%), B-blockers(55.8%), and diuretics(53.5%), respectively(P<0.001), The following adverse reactions were detected: cough(7.5%), headache(6.1%), dizziness(3.9%), flushing(3.7%), and impotence(2.4%). The incidence of cough associated with ACEI(27.9%), was higher than those of other classes(P<0.01)

Conclusion : CCBs were the most commonly prescribed initial drug class in family practice, followed by ACEIs, ARAs, B-blockers, a-blockers, and diuretics. The tolerability of antihypertensive medication was the highest in Korean patients treated with ARAs, followed by CCBs, B-blockers, diuretic, a-blocker, and ACEIs.
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Development of categorial rating scale about pain intensity.
Chang Won Won, Dong Hoon Yang, Seong Hoon Kim, Byung Sung Kim, Hyun Rim Choi
J Korean Acad Fam Med 2001;22(5):721-731.   Published online May 1, 2001
Background
: Categorial rating scale about pain intensity has been used in many studies without any validation. So we tried to score the pain intensity of phrases which Koreans commonly use for description of pain intensity, and developed categorial rating scale about pain intensity.

Methods : After gathering the phrases which Koreans commonly use for description of pain intensity, the authors selected 23 common phrases. For the each 23 phrase, we asked 69 outpatients at a family Medicine clinic and 76 hospital employee to check on the visual analogue scale according to the intensity. To estimate the reliability of the answers, we asked them to respond to the same questionnaire two weeks later.

Results : Of 145 people interviewed, 63 were male and 82 were female. We found out the absolute pain intensity of 23 phrases. Then we could present 5 point categorial rating scale and 4 point categorial rating scale. Correlation coefficients of two weeks test-retest were from 0.355 to 0.570, which were all statistically significant.

Conclusion : We developed 5 point categorial rating scale and 4 point categorial rating scale which can be used for evaluation of Korean's pain intensity.
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The effect of Tai Chi(9 basic forms) on the equilibrium in the aged: a controlled trial.
Chang Won Won, Byung Sung Kim, Hyun Rim Choi
J Korean Acad Fam Med 2001;22(5):664-673.   Published online May 1, 2001
Background
: Accidental fall is a major risk factor of hip fractures in the aged. Recently Tai chi exercise is reported to reduce the frequency of falls in the American elderly. This study was to evaluate the effects of Tai Chi exercise on equilibrium in the Koreas elderly.

Methods : we selected 4 clubs for the elderly in the same district. The elderly(11 men, 9 women) who attended two of the clubs were offered Tai Chi(9 basic forms) exercise and the elderly(4 men , 21 women) who attended the other two of them were offered regular medical examination. Intervention length was 12 weeks, with outcomes measured before and after intervention.

Results : In men, single left leg standing with eyes open improved in Tai chi group as compared with non-Tai chi group(p=0.026). In women, single right leg standing with eyes open improved in Tai Chi group as compared with non-Tai Chi group(p=0.023), and single left leg standing with eyes open showed improvement in Tai Chi group as compared with non-Tai Chi group(p=0.085). MMSE-K showed improvement in Tai Chi group as compared with non-Tai Chi group, but it was not significant(p>0.05). Those who said these 9 basic forms were not difficult were 81.8% in men, 77.8% in women.

Conclusion : '9 basic forms of Tai Chi' is easy to practice and helpful for equilibrium in the aged. The effect of 9 basic forms of Tai Chi on cognition of the aged needs further studies.
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The comparision of the quality of life between the well controlled hypertension group and the uncontrolled hypertension group.
Young Mook Kim, Hyun Rim Choi, Do Young Park, Jong Bum Lim, Chang Won Won, Byung Sung Kim, Yong Woo Park
J Korean Acad Fam Med 2001;22(4):565-574.   Published online April 1, 2001
Background
: Hypertension is an important as well as common disease in primary practice, so family physicians should concern about it. It is well known that if hypertension were well controlled, it could lower cardiovascular complications. However, there are few studies on the impact of hypertension affecting the quality of life. Therefore, we carried out this study to compare the quality of life in the hypertensive patients by whether it is well controlled or not.

Methods : The authors surveyed the quality of life using the questionnaire named as CMC Health Survey Version 1.0 for the hypertensive patients. The subjects had no complications and no other diseases, and aged 40 or more, and visited doctors at the Department of Family Medicine, Kyung-Hee University Hospital or the Department of Internal Medicine, Sungmin Hospital from May 1 to Aug 31, 1998. We categorized the subjects into the two groups of the well-controlled group(SBP<140mmHg and DBP<90 mmHg) and the uncontrolled group(SBP≥140mmHg or DBP ≥ 90mmHg) and compared the quality of life and lifestyle.

Results : The total number of subjects was 119, that of well-controlled group was 69, and that of the uncontrolled group was 50. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure was 133.1±7.5mmHg and 85.3±5.2 mmHg in the well-controlled group, 159.2±7.4 mmHg and 100.2±5.5 mmHg in the uncontrolled group. The comparison of the distribution of age, sex, education, occupation, and monthly income between the two groups showed no difference. The comparision of the lifestyle between two groups by Alameda-7 questionnaire showed no difference, too. As for the comparison of quality of life between two groups, the well-controlled group had significantly higher scores in the domain of physical function, social function, general health, vitality(above P<0.01), emotional function, role limitation, and health perception(above P<0.05) than uncontrolled group. However, the scores of the domain of change in health, satisfaction, bodily pain were not significantly different between two groups. After covariated by obesity, the comparison of quality of life between two groups showed similar results.

Conclusion : We confirmed that the well-controlled group had better quality of life than the uncontrolled group. So family physicians should consider the quality of life when they consult the patients with hypertension.
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Association between family APGAR and depression for one university freshmen.
Jong Bum Lim, Byung Sung Kim, Jun Churl Kim, Chang Won Won, Dong Hoon Yang, Hyun Rim Choi
J Korean Acad Fam Med 2001;22(3):354-362.   Published online March 1, 2001
Background
: Though many adolescents are suffering from depression in Korea, there have been few studies about the prevalence of it and depressive adolescents are not managed appropriately yet because of ignorance of the society and family. This study was intended to find out college freshmen's prevalence of depression, and the relationship between family function and depression.

Methods : The subjects were college freshmen of one university both in Seoul and Suwon and the study period was from January to February, 1999. Family APGAR was used as a family function index Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to measure the degree of depres-sion. Chi square tests and logistic regression were done for analysis using SPSS 8.0/PC program.

Results : The prevalence of depression among college freshmen was 1.5% (37 out of 2465) as of BDI score 21 or more. Depression was more common in the families with low Family APGAR score and those in Suwon campus. No significant differences were found in gender, age, blood pressuere, blood type, BMI, present illness, number of families, marital status of parents or siblings. Relative risks of depression were 4.5 times for family dysfunction group and 2.6 times for Suwon campus group.

Conclusion : Depression is not a rare disease among college freshmen. Therefore, family physician as a primary care physician should consider the possibility of depression among adolescence and screen depression using BDI for adolescents in dysfunctional family particularly.
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Differences in tumor markers and rheumatoid factors between elderly and young adults.
Jung Lim, Chang Won Won, Sue Youn Kwon, Shin Hyung Park, Byung Sung Kim, Hyun Rim Choi
J Korean Acad Fam Med 2001;22(3):336-344.   Published online March 1, 2001
Background
: The elderly is known to have many different clinical laboratory data compared with the young adults. There have been rare studies comparing tumor markers and rheumatoid factors between young adults and the elderly in Korea. This study was conducted to evaluate the differences in tumor markers and rheumatoid factor between elderly and young adults.

Methods : We gathered 94 healthy elderly cases and 91 healthy young adults who have taken periodic health examination from November 1996 to February 1997 at one hospital. We compared the mean of rheumatoid factor and tumor markers between two groups and took multiple regression analysis.

Results : In the elderly, the mean of CEA and AFP are significantly higher than young adults. The number of abnormally elevated rheumatoid factor is significantly higher in elderly group, but in case of CEA the number of abnormal data is not significantly different. The CEA level is significantly high in smoker group than non-smoker group. The factors that increase the CEA level are old age, smoking amount, albumin level. The factors that increase the AFP level are old age, hemoglobin level. The factor that increase the rheumatoid factor is old age only.
Conciusions: When we interpret the level of tumor markers and rheumatoid factor, we must consider the patient's age. Aging is a factor that is associated with CEA, AFP, rheumatoid factor.
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The development of the Korean family function assessment tool.
Ji Ho Choi, Ho Cheol Shin, Hyun Lim Choi, Byung Sung Kim, Jang Won Won
J Korean Acad Fam Med 2000;21(8):994-1005.   Published online August 1, 2000
Background
: As the effect of the families on the individual’s health and disease is profound, it is very important to care patients based on the understanding of their families. The family function assessment tool to evaluate the families objectively and easily is necessary for this purpose. Many instruments have been developed in other countries and we have used these instruments without verification. Therefore, there is a question whether they are appropriate to the Korean families. The family function is especially important to the family with adolescents because adolescents are characterized by psychological instability. My purpose of this research is to develop an instrument to assess the function of the Korean families and this research is made on the Korean families with adolescents.
1,600 middle and high school students and 1,600 of their parents were selected for this study. They were asked to describe 5 kinds of each good and bad family relationship to collect primary basic data. These data were arranged to items based on the established scales and subscales. Secondary basic data were collected from another 200 students and their 200 parents to complement the items. Preliminary instrument items were selected by the frequency of the responses and the judgment of the author. Through discussions with experts, the preliminary instrument was established. Accessibility was tested and factor analysis was done for the preliminary instrument. After this process,, the main instrument was formulated.
For the primary basic data, 2,382 people answered (response rate 74.4%) and 10,267 responses and 298 kinds of items were collected. There was no additional item from the secondary data collection. The preliminary instrument was made of 58 items selected from 298 items. It takes 8 minutes to complete this instrument in average and 97% of the subjects had no difficulty in completing it. The main test instrument, developed after factor analysis, was made of 7 scales with 40 items.
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Review

Wrist and hand pain.
Byung Sung Kim
J Korean Acad Fam Med 2000;21(7):820-836.   Published online July 1, 2000
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Original Articles

Changing trend of knowledge, attitude and perception for AIDS among freshmen: Comparing KAP between the year 1993 and 1999.
Ou Soo Park, Hyun Rim Cho, Byung Sung Kim, Jang Won Won, Dae Hyun Kim, Jun Mo Seo, Jae Hong Park
J Korean Acad Fam Med 2000;21(2):194-202.   Published online February 1, 2000
Background
: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is becoming more prevalent in the world, but there is no definite treatment method and no proved vaccine available. Therefore, prevention is the best method to lessen it and blocking it's transmission route is the most effective method. We conducted a survey on the changing trend of knowledge, attitude and perception for AIDS between the year 1993 and 1999 among freshmen of a university.
Method: The subjects were 2,340 freshmen of a university in Seoul and the study period was one month from Jan. 16 to Feb. 15 1999. The survey had been done with pre-designed questionnaire methods which was same to the one in 1993. Total 2,305 cases were analyzed and compared with the results in 1993 excluding 35 cases with insufficient responses.

Results : Among the questions about knowledge for AIDS the increasing trend was found in 13 items "AIDS is caused by a virus", "AIDS can be contracted by light kissing with AIDS patients", "AIDS can be contracted by hugging AIDS patient", "AIDS can be contracted by using AIDS patient's belongings", and so on. The decreasing trend was found in items "All homosexuals are apt to get AIDS", "Most of AIDS patients die of the disease", "AIDS patients are easy to contract other diseases", and "AIDS can be contracted by other sexually-transmitted viruses".

Conclusion : The freshmen entered in 1999 knew the transmission route of AIDS relatively well. They thought tat AIDS was not a serious disease but they could get ADIS. The changing trend showed that public education had a considerable effect on students' knowledge and attitude for AIDS.
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HBsAg and anti-HBs prevalence in North Korean defectors.
Hyun Rim Choi, Byung Sung Kim, Chang Won Won, Hyung Cheol Ahn
J Korean Acad Fam Med 1999;20(12):1778-1783.   Published online December 1, 1999
Background
: Hepatitis B is a world widely distributed disease. The hepatitis B prevalence of South East nations is reported to be higher than that of America or Europe. Korea is known to be one of high prevalent nation among Asia-Pacific nations. But hepatitis B prevalence in North Korea, separate from South Korea due to politics and ideology, is not reported. This study was performed using the data of North Korean defectors to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B in North Korea.

Methods : We analyzed the data of 107 persons (98, males, 9 females) who defected from North Korea and underwent screening examination in a general hospital from July 1987 to March 1996. Twenty nine persons(25 males, 4 females) were excluded because of incomplete data. The HBsAg test was carried out by reversed passive hemagglutination(RPHA) and the anti-HBs test was carried out by passive hemagglutination(PHA). The liver function tests were carried out by biochemical quantitative analysis method of Dimension.

Results : The study group was 73 males(93.6%) and 5 females(6.4%). Mean age was 33.0±8.4 years and third decade was the largest as 35 persons(44.9%). The overall HBsAg positive rate was 15.4% and anti-HBs positive rate was 33.3%. Those who need vaccination were 51.4%. The only item among liver function tests which was statistically different by the hepatitis B viral marker groups was alkaline phosphatase. Mean total cholesterol was 176.4±38.0mg/dL. But no other item of liver function tests was statistically different in abnormal value by the hepatitis B viral marker groups.

Conclusion : The overall HBsAg positive rate of North Korean defects was much higher than that of South Korean and anti-HBs positive rate was much lower. So HBsAg positive rate of North Korean seems to be higher than that of South Korean. We think that a large study of hepatitis B for North Korean should be performed at y opportunity and take a measure to meet the situations. ( J Korean Acad Fam Med 1999;20:1778-1783)
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The effects of influenza vaccination.
Chul Soo Jun, Byung Sung Kim, Gun Soon Kim, Jong Jin Lee, Jang Ho Park, Sung Soo Joo, Hong Seo, Hoon Ki Park, Byung Uk Doh
J Korean Acad Fam Med 1999;20(7):925-932.   Published online July 1, 1999
Background
: Influenza is a respiratory infectious disease with high morbidity and relatively high mortality which occurs every winter. Therefore, influenza vaccination is recommended annually for high risk groups. However, the vaccination rate is not very high. It is well known that influenza vaccination prevents influenza, and some reports show partial preventive effects for the common cold. Therefore, the authors implemented this study to find out the preventive effects of influenza vaccination for influenza and the common cold.

Methods : The study period was six months form October 1997 to March 1998, and the subjects were chosen from those who visited seven Family Practice Clinics and two Family Practice Outpatient Departments of University Hospital. The vaccination group composed of those who received influenza vaccination during the period and the control group was those who did not receive the vaccination with age difference ±3 years and of same gender.
The study was done by a survey questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 8.0 and chi-square test, t-test, and logistic regression was implemented.

Results : The number of vaccination group was 223, the number of control group was 214, and the total subjects were 437 persons. Influenza occurred in 4 persons(1.8%) for the vaccination group, and 12 persons(5.6%) for the control group which showed significant difference(p=0.032). The common cold occurred in 69.1% of vaccination group and in 71.0% of control group with no difference. However, the duration of the common cold was 6.0 days for the vaccination group which was slightly shorter than 7.5 days for the control group(p=0.088), and the frequency of the common cold was 1.49 times for the vaccination group and 1.84 times for the control group(p=0.033). Logistic regression analysis showed that the relative risk of influenza for the vaccination group was 0.261(p=0.032), which meant 73.9% protective effect for influenza, but not for the common cold.

Conclusion : Influenza vaccination can protect people from influenza, but did not protect them from common cold. However, it can lessen the frequency and duration of the common cold.
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Usefulness of distal radius by BMD using DEXA.
Soo Yeol Kim, Chang Won Won, Hee Jin Lim, Byung Sung Kim, Hyun Rim Choi, Deog Yoon Kim
J Korean Acad Fam Med 1999;20(1):79-88.   Published online January 1, 1999
Background
: The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlations between distal radius BMD and other skeletal site(L2-L4, Femoral neck, Ward's triangle, Trochanter) BMD's, and to find out the usefulness of DTX-200. Methods : The authors surveyed the subjects of 76 perimenopausal women who had visited Kyu-nghee Medical Center and measured their bone mineral densities(BMDs) from February, 1997 to July, 1997. Measurements were done for distal radius, ultradistal-8mm radius BMD using DTX-200(OSTEOMETER, Denmark), and other skeletal sites(L2-L4, Femoral neck, Ward's triangle, Trochanter) BMDs using EXPERT(Lunar, USA). Using SPSS for windows, the correlation coefficients of the BMDs of both instruments were calculated. Results : The total number of subjects were 76 (average age:54.8 years, range 32~78years). Among them, 67 were postmenopausal women. The BMD measurements of various skeletal sites were as follows : distal radius, 0.41±0.07(g/cm²), ultradistal-8mm radius 0.34±0.07(g/cm²), femoral neck 0.82±0.18(g/cm²), trochanter 0.72±0.17(g/cm²), Ward's triangle 0.59±0.22(g/cm²), L2-L4 0.98±0.16(g/cm²). The correlations of BMDs between distal radius and femoral neck, trochanter, Ward's triangle, and L2-L4 were 0.44, 0.35, 0.47, and 0.63, respectively. The correlations of BMDs between ultradistal-8mm radius and femoral neck, trochanter, Ward's triangle, and L2-L4 were 0.64, 0.34, 0.41, and 0.69 respectively. Conclusion : The correlations of BMDs between distal radius and those of femoral neck, trochanter, Ward's triangle, L2-L4 were moderately high.
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Case Report

A Case of polymyalgia rheumatica.
Hee Jin Lim, Chang Won Won, Seung Hun Kim, Jong Bum Lim, Byung Sung Kim, Hyun Rim Choi
J Korean Acad Fam Med 1998;19(12):1428-1431.   Published online December 1, 1998
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Original Article
The coincidence of the english keywords of the journal of korean academy of family medicine with MeSH and selection validity.
Byung Sung Kim, Soo Young Kim
J Korean Acad Fam Med 1998;19(7):531-537.   Published online July 1, 1998
Background
: As the importance of keywords useful for indexing increases with the development of evidence based medicine, the importance of the English keywords also increases with the commencement of Koreamed. Though the information of authors recommends using MeSH terms for key-words, many authors do not stick to this principle. The objectives of this study are to investigate how much of the English keywords of the Journal of Korean Academy of Family Medicine(JKAFM) are used with precise MeSH terms and how well the keywords stand for the articles.

Methods : The English keywords were analyzed from the 455 articles of JKAFM published from Jan. 1992 to Dec. 1997. The authors investigated the frequently used keywords and what percentage of the keywords coincide with MeSH using MeSH browser. And for the ten randomly chosen articles from each of the six volumes, we examined what percentage of the English keywords coincide with the MeSH terms which had consensus of two family physicians and evaluated the validity.

Results : The total number of the English keywords used was 897, and 23 kinds of keywords including depression were used 5 or more times. The number of terms precisely coincident with MeSH was 161(17.9%), the number of terms with trivial difference(order or singular/pleural) was 34(3.8%) and 702 terms(78.2%) were not MeSH terms. Among the 202 MeSH terms determined with consensus from the randomly chosen 60 English abstracts, 51 terms(25.2%) were precisely coincident, 38 terms(18.8%) showed trivial difference, and 113 terns(55.9%) were not used.

Conclusion : Many of the English keywords of JKAFM does not coincide with MeSH, and over half of the keywords does not validly stand for the contents of the articles.
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