Background
We examined the relationship between 10-year predicted atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk score and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in Koreans aged 40–79 years.
Methods
A population-based, cross-sectional design was used from data based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014.
Results
A total of 1,134 healthy Koreans aged 40–79 years were included. A positive relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and ASCVD score was shown in women (β=0.015) after adjusting for central obesity, physical activity, and supplement intake. The chances of being in the moderate to high risk (risk group, ASCVD score ≥5%) with vitamin D sufficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ≥20 ng/mL) was 1.267-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.039–1.595) greater than the chance of being included in the group with vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D <20 ng/mL) after adjustments in women.
Conclusion
Our research indicated a significantly positive association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and ASCVD score. Further detailed studies to evaluate this correlation are needed.

Citations

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One of the most frequent chief complaints at outpatient department is upper gastrointestinal symptom. Endoscopy is a necessary method in the observation of intragastric lesions.
We reviewed 414 cases of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for diagnosis in primary care.

The results were as follows :
1. The ratio of male to female was 1:1.5, and the most frequent age groups were fourth, fifth and third decades which occupied about 75% of all cases. third and fourth decades were more frequent in men, and fourth and fifth decades were more frequent in women.
2. The most frequent chief complaints were epigastric pain, epigastric discomport and hunger pain. There were no significant differences of symptoms between men and women.
3. There were no significant associations between age groups and symptoms.
4. The findings of 205 cases(49.5%) were normal and 209 cases(50.0%) were abnormal.
Normal findings were more frequent in women(64.2%) than in men(26.5%).
5. There were no significant associations between symptoms and endoscopic findings.
6. Abnormal findings were more frequent in old age group in both men and women.
In conclusion, we obtained the results that there were no significant associations between symptoms and endoscopic findings, and abnormal findings were more frequent in old age group in both men and women.

Family physicians must understand well about the common anorectal diseases. And can do definitive care by doing not only diagnosis and conservative care but also anesthesia and operation.
We concluded as follows by clinical study of the 233 patients who had been admitted to the Dept. of general surgery Gang soo hospital for surgical treatment of hemorrhoid. anorectal abscess. anal fistula or anal fissure from January 1989 to June 1990.
1. The frequency of the diseases was as follows : hemorrhoid (140 cases. 55.8%), anorectal abscess (43 cases, 18.4%), anal fistula (40 cases, 17.2%) and anal fissure (20 cases, 8.6%) in the decreasing order.
2. The age distribution indicated a predominant incidenhce in 3rd to 5th decade (20-49 years : 85.0%) and male to female ratio was 2.6:1
3. The main clinical symptoms of hemorrhoid were protruding mass (97.7%), pain (74.9%) and bleeding (58.5%). The pain (100%) was chief complaint of the anorectal abscess. The discharge (100%) in the anal fistula and the pain (100%) with bleeding (95.0%) in the anal fissure were chief complaints respectively.
4. The duration of hospitalization was 6 to 10 days in 129 cases (54.4%)
5. The most frequent clinical type was external hemorrhoid (47.7%) in the hemorrhoid, perianal type (58.1%) in the anorectal abscess, and intersphincteric type (82.5%) in the anal fistula respectively.
6. Examining the anatomical location, the most frequent direction of the hemorrhoid was 7 o'clock (63.1%) and followed by 4 o'clock (55.4%) and 11 o'clock (51.5%). The majority of anorectal abscess was situated posterior part (55.8%) and the majority of external opening or internal opening in anal fistula was also situated posterior part (44.9%, 53.8%). The most frequent direction of the anal fissure was 6 o'clock(70.0%).
7. The caudal block was chosen preferentially in the operation and other techniques were used in case of anesthesia failure or unavoidable occasion. The 132 cases (85.2%) were anesthetized by caudal block, and the 17 cases (11.0%) were anesthetized by spinal anesthesia. Among the 17 cases of spinal anesthesia, the 11 cases were anesthetized by spinal anesthesia due to failure of caudal block. So, the successful rate of caudal block was 92.3%.
In conclusion, the clinical manifestations of the anorectal diseases revealed no significant differences compare with other studies, but we came to have knowledge that the caudal block was one of the safe, simple and successful anesthetic techniques. We recommend that the family physicians actually take part in the definitve care of anorectal diseases.

We classified 121 patients who admitted to the Department of Pediatrics, Kang Seu Hospital between March, 1990 and August, 1990 due to severe cough or high fever to three groups based on chest x-ray findings and cold agglutination test. Group I was 31 cases of Mycoplasmal pneumonia which showed signs of pneumonia on chest x-ray and cold agglutin titration of 1:64 or titration with four fold increase during follow up study. Group Ⅱ was 16 cases of non-Mycoplasmal pneumonia which showed signs of pneumonia on chest x-ray and cold agglutin titration of less than 1:32 or titration with no four fold increase during follow up study. Group Ⅲ was 38 cases of non-pneumonic Mycoplasmal infection which showed no pneumonic sign on chest x-ray and cold agglutin titration of 1:64 or titration with four fold increase during follow up study. The remainder was not involved in our study. Clinical data and chest x-ray findings were analysed prospectively.

The results were as follows;
1. Among the total 69 cases with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, the frequency of nonpneumonic Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection was 38 cases(55.0%).
2. We classified age to three classes(below 5 years old, 6-9 years old, above 10 years old). In the Group I, the frequency of 6-9 years was more than Group Ⅱ, significantly(p<0.05).
3. As for the clinical symptoms on admission, the most frequent symptoms were cough, fever, such as usual constitutional symptoms of pneumonia, in order of frequency in Group I and Group Ⅱ. In the Group Ⅲ, the most frequent symptom was high fever, but cough was less common than Group I, significantly(p<0.01)
4. We classified symptom durations before admisson to three classes(within 1 week, 1-2weeks, above 2 weeks). In the Group I, the frequency of 1-2 weeks was more common than Group Ⅲ, significantly(p<0.01). In the Group Ⅲ, the frequency of within 1 week was more common than I, significantly(p<0.01).
5. Comparing chest x-ray findings between Group I and Group Ⅱ which showed pneumonia sign on chest x-ray, air space consolidation in Group I and bronchopneumonia in GroupⅡ were more common than each other, significantly(p<0.05). Among the sites involved, unilateral involvement was markedly more common than bilateral involvement and right involvement was markedly more common than left involvement.
6. Mean duration of hospitalization of the Group Ⅲ was 4.9 days, it was shorter than Group I, significantly(p<0.01).

As above results, non-pneumonic Mycoplasma prneumonise infection was above 50% of cases with cold agglutinin level equal or more than 1:64. Therefore, the patients showing the symptom of upper and lower respiratory infection without pneumonic sign also shoud be treated with keeping in mind of the possibility of Mycoplasma pneumonias infection.