Background
Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is critical during the early stages of life. Babies require only breast milk from birth until 6 months of age. This study analyzed the correct target for increasing EBF in Indonesia.
Methods
This cross-sectional study included 12,534 infants and examined EBF practices as outcome variables. Seven maternal characteristics were included as exposure variables (residence, age, marital status, education, employment, prenatal class, and wealth) and four infant characteristics as control variables (age, sex, birth weight, and early initiation of breastfeeding). Finally, binary logistic regression analysis was performed.
Results
Result showed that the proportion of EBF in Indonesia is 52.90% (95% confidence interval [CI], 52.37%–53.43%). Mothers in rural areas were 1.134 times more likely to perform EBF than were those in urban areas (95% CI, 1.126–1.141). All maternal age groups were more likely to achieve EBF than the youngest group (<20 years), except for those aged >44 years, for which there was no significant difference compared with those aged <20 years. Married mothers were 1.361 times more likely to achieve EBF than were divorced/widowed mothers (95% CI, 1.311–1.412). Maternal education and employment were associated with EBF achievement. There was no significant relationship between the prenatal class and EBF performance in Indonesia. Furthermore, results indicate that all wealth statuses are less likely to achieve EBF than the poorest in Indonesia.
Conclusion
Six maternal characteristics were specifically targeted to increase EBF in Indonesia: living in urban areas, being young, having a divorced/widowed status, having poor education, being employed, and being wealthy.

Background
Female workers in Indonesia are vulnerable, because they must work to earn a living while still being responsible for domestic problems. This study analyzes the barriers to the use of modern contraceptives by female workers in Indonesia’s urban areas.
Methods
This cross-sectional survey looked at 21,696 female workers. We used modern contraceptive use as a dependent variable, and age, education, wealth, known modern contraceptives, number of live births, ideal number of children, and insurance ownership as independent variables. In the final test, we employed binary logistic regression.
Results
The results showed that women at all age categories were more likely than those aged 15–19 years not to use modern contraceptives, except those aged 35–39 years, who showed no difference. All other marital types were more likely to use modern contraceptives than married individuals. Rich female workers were 1.139 times more likely than poor workers not to use modern contraceptives (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.139; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.026–1.264). Female workers who did not know about modern contraceptives were 4.549 times more likely than those who did not to use modern contraceptives (AOR, 4.549; 95% CI, 1.037–19.953). Female workers with more than two children were 9.996 times more likely than those with two or fewer children not to use modern contraceptives (AOR, 9.996; 95% CI, 9.1890–10.875).
Conclusion
This study identified five factors associated with the non-use of modern contraceptives by female workers in Indonesia’s urban areas: young, unmarried, rich, did not know about modern contraceptives, and had more than two children.

Citations

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  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2026; 47(1): 1.     CrossRef
• Health behaviors, lifestyle factors, and healthcare challenges in family medicine: a comprehensive review of recent evidence from Asian populations
  Joung Sik Son
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2025; 46(4): 215.     CrossRef
• Efektivitas Konseling terhadap Pengambilan Keputusan Penggunaan Kontrasepsi pada Ibu Postpartum
  Ilsa Arfiyana, Faizah Betty Rahayuningsih
  Health Information : Jurnal Penelitian.2025; 17(3): 369.     CrossRef