Background Early menarche may be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between age at menarche and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Korean premenopausal women.
Methods We used nationally representative data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2013 to 2014, and 3,023 premenopausal women aged 20–55 years were our subjects. We defined early menarche as age at first menstrual period less than 12 years. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between age at menarche and MetS after adjusting for current age, and socioeconomic, lifestyle, and reproductive variables.
Results MetS was much more common in women aged 40–55 years than in women aged 20–39 years (4.1% vs. 15.1%). Compared with women who experienced menarche at age 12–15 years, the risk of MetS in the early menarche group was not higher in either age group, after adjusting for current age, and socioeconomic, lifestyle, and reproductive variables (odds ratio [OR], 1.767; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.718–4.351 in those aged 20–39 years; OR, 1.780; 95% CI, 0.775–4.085 in those aged 40–55 years). The risk of MetS in women with menarche at age ≥16 years was not higher than in women with menarche at age 12–15 years.
Conclusion Early or late menarche was not associated with an increased risk of MetS in premenopausal Korean women. Even before menopause, current age has a major influence on the development of MetS.
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Long-term health outcomes of early menarche in women: an umbrella review Jeong-Seon Lee, Young Ah Lee, Choong Ho Shin, Dong In Suh, Yun Jeong Lee, Dong Keon Yon QJM: An International Journal of Medicine.2022; 115(12): 837. CrossRef
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Letter to the Editor Regarding the Article: Relationship between Age at Menarche and Metabolic Syndrome in Premenopausal Women: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2014 Anthony Urteaga, Miluska Robles, Alonso Soto Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2019; 40(4): 284. CrossRef
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Background Dry eye syndrome is a common health problem in the adult population. Many risk factors including age, sex, prior eye surgery, various chronic diseases, and lifestyle factors can affect its development. We have evaluated the risk of dry eye syndrome based on the frequency of coffee consumption among Korean adult population.
Methods A total of 9,752 adults with age 19 years and older were randomly selected between 2010 and 2012. They have all participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V of Korea. Dry eye syndrome was being diagnosed by the physicians at some points in the participant’s lifetime. The average daily coffee intake was divided into the following: less than 1 cup, 1 to 2 cups, and 3 cups or more. Various physio-environmental factors and medical conditions were used as correction variables to assess the risk of dry eye syndrome in relation to the frequency of coffee consumption.
Results The prevalence of dry eye syndrome decreased to 9.2%, 8.8%, and 6.3% as coffee consumption increased from less than 1 cup to 1–2 cups and more than 3 cups, respectively. However, there was no significant relationship between the frequency of coffee consumption and the risk of dry eye syndrome after adjusting various risk factors.
Conclusion There is no relationship between the frequency of coffee consumption and risk of dry eye syndrome.
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TFOS Lifestyle: Impact of nutrition on the ocular surface Maria Markoulli, Sumayya Ahmad, Jayashree Arcot, Reiko Arita, Jose Benitez-del-Castillo, Barbara Caffery, Laura E. Downie, Katie Edwards, Judith Flanagan, Marc Labetoulle, Stuti L. Misra, Malgorzata Mrugacz, Sumeer Singh, John Sheppard, Jelle Vehof, Piera The Ocular Surface.2023; 29: 226. CrossRef
Modifiable lifestyle risk factors for dry eye disease Michael T.M. Wang, Alex Muntz, Brinda Mamidi, James S. Wolffsohn, Jennifer P. Craig Contact Lens and Anterior Eye.2021; 44(6): 101409. CrossRef
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