Korean Journal of Family Medicine

"Sung Goo Kang"

Original Articles

The Relationship between Menopausal Symptoms and Heart Rate Variability in Middle Aged Women: Jin Oh Lee, Sung Goo Kang, Se Hong Kim, Seo Jin Park, Sang Wook Song; Korean J Fam Med 2011;32(5):299-305. Published online July 28, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2011.32.5.299

Abstract
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Background

The study of the correlation of menopausal symptoms with heart rate variability (HRV) has not been adequate. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between postmenopausal symptoms measured by the menopause rating scale (MRS) and HRV.

Methods

We assessed postmenopausal symptoms (using MRS) with age, BMI, educational status, occupation, marital status, alcohol and caffeine consumption, smoking history, exercise, duration of sleep and amenorrhea, degree of anxiety and depression, menarcheal age, and heart rate variability. For evaluation of HRV, the record of electrocardiogram for 5 minutes in the resting state was divided into temporal categories and frequency categories, and analyzed.

Results

No significant differences in age, BMI, duration of amenorrhea, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein were observed between two groups, which were divided according to menopausal symptoms. Low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) ratio was significantly higher in symptomatic women, compared with asymptomatic women (P < 0.05). No significant differences of HRV index by the severity of postmenopausal symptoms were observed. LF/HF ratio of HRV parameters showed a significant increase in moderate or severe degree of "hot flashes" and "sleep problem" score (P < 0.05). Anxiety scale in symptomatic women was significantly higher than in asymptomatic women (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The above data suggest that postmenopausal symptoms are associated with altered autonomic control of heart rate. In particular, hot flashes and sleep problems in moderate or severe degree are related to increase of sympathetic nerve activity.

Citations

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European Journal of Sport Science.2023; 23(4): 649. CrossRef
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Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and Aging Male Symptoms in Middle-Aged Males in Korea.: Gil Hyeoung Lee, Sung Goo Kang, Jin Hee Shin, Se Hong Kim, Jung Hyoun Cho, Seo Jin Park, Sang Wook Song; Korean J Fam Med 2010;31(8):613-621. Published online August 20, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2010.31.8.613

Abstract
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Background
Metabolic syndrome is regarded as a risk factor of cardiovascular disease. We observed and compared aging males symptoms (AMS) between healthy and metabolic syndrome patients in middle-aged Korean men to evaluate clinical significance of AMS. Methods: From May 2009 to July 2009, 171 middle-aged men (over 40 years-old) who visited a health promotion center of a university hospital in Gyeonggi Province were enrolled in study. The subjects were divided into two groups; metabolic syndrome (N = 87) vs. control (N = 84) and measured the aging male symptoms (AMS) scale. AMS were also grouped according to its severity. Results: There were no significant differences except, weight, body mass index between two groups. In AMS severity, 'severe' group show higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome. And the group of metabolic syndrome gets higher AMS score than control. Among the five constitutive factors of metabolic syndrome, the prevalence of fasting blood sugar (≥ 100 mg/dL) and triglyceride (≥ 150 mg/dL) level is higher 'moderates' and 'severe' groups in AMS severity. In the subscale analysis of AMS, there are significant differences between two groups in sexual and somato-vegitative axis, but are not in psychological axis. With age-adjusted analysis, the results still show same trend.Conclusion: It might be necessary to approach aging males symptoms comprehensively during the management of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged men. And it could be helpful in treatment to recognize and control metabolic syndrome factors for the patients with severe aging males symptoms.

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Relationship between Sleep Quality and Metabolic Syndrome and Infl ammatory Markers in Middle-aged Men in Korea.: Eun Jung Lee, Sung Goo Kang, Jin Hee Shin, Yu Na Hwang, Ki Son Ryu, Sang Wook Song; Korean J Fam Med 2009;30(5):344-351. Published online May 10, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2009.30.5.344

Abstract
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Background
As many studies revealed that sleep restriction is associated with obesity and insulin resistance and blood pressure elevation, the relationship between sleep and metabolic syndrome has been concerned. But little information exists on correlation between sleep quality and metabolic syndrome. In this study, we investigated the relationship between sleep quality measured by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and metabolic syndrome.Methods: A total of 100 middle-aged male adults were included in this study from March to May 2008 at a health promotion center. The subjects were divided into two groups of poor sleeper group (N = 47) vs. good sleeper group (N=53) by PSQI global score. The components of metabolic syndrome and infl ammatory markers were measured. The metabolic syndrome criterion of the AHA/NHLBI 2005 was adopted.Results: There was no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the two groups. HDL-cholesterol was signifi cantly lower in the poor sleeper group compared to the good sleeper group (P < 0.05). The negative correlation was noted between subjective sleep quality score with HDL-cholesterol (P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between sleep latency and triglyceride and a negative correlation with HDL-cholesterol (P < 0.05). The longer sleep latency, the higher level of white blood cell count was observed (P = 0.001).Conclusion: The above data suggest that a possible causal interaction between poor sleep quality and lower HDL-cholesterol of metabolic syndrome components and higher level of white blood cell counts. Further prospective studies regarding the change in the components of metabolic syndrome and the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases after relieving sleep disturbance seem to be warranted.

Citations

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Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants Contribute to Selected Sleep Quality and Cardiometabolic Health Relationships: A Cross‐Sectional Study
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Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2015; 24(1): 39. CrossRef
For the Sleep-Related Study
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Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2010; 31(10): 745. CrossRef

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7 Crossref

Relations between Worry, Attachment Styles and Perceived Parental Rearing in Primary School Children.: Sung Goo Kang, Jin Hee Shin, Yu Na Hwang, Eun Jeong Lee, Sang Wook Song; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2008;29(11):854-866. Published online November 10, 2008

Abstract
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Background: Worry, a core feature of anxiety disorder, is shown in not only children with anxiety disorder but also normal children. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between worry and family environment factors, especially, perceived parental rearing and attachment styles among children. Methods: Five hundred and nine children participated in this study among 549 children in third, fourth, fifth and sixth grades in two primary schools located in Seoul and Seongnam from October 2007 to December 2007. Forty children did not agree with participation (rejection rate: 7.3%). Their degrees of worry, attachment styles and perceived parental rearing were investigated with questionnaires. Results: The reliability of a questionnaire asking children's worry, PSWQ-C and a questionnaire asking perceived parental rearing, modified EMBU-C was appropriate with internal consistency (Cronbach's Ձ of PSWQ- C: 0.92, Cronbach's Ձ of modified EMBU-C: 0.68∼0.89). Around 22.4% of children had insecure attachment (avoidant or ambivalent attachment) and scores of worry were high in both girls and boys. When children perceived their parental rearing behavior as anxious rearing, they were classified to have ambivalent attachment in many cases by themselves. And when they perceived the rearing as rejection many of them were classified to have avoidant or ambivalent attachment by themselves. Worry showed a significantly negative correlation in the cases where children answered their perceived parental rearing as emotional warmth and showed a significantly positive correlation with rejective and anxious rearing. Conclusion: This study found that children's worry was closely related with their perceived parental rearing and attachment styles. If the children's attachment, which has been developed while they have grown up, was insecure and they did not perceive parental rearing as emotional warmth, the intensity of worry, a core symptom of anxiety disorder, increased. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2008;29:854-866)

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Relationship between Mammographic Dense Breast and Other Risk Factors of Breast Cancer in Korean Women.: Eun Young Kang, Jin Hee Shin, Sung Goo Kang, Yu Na Hwang, Eun Suk Cha, Sang Wook Song; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007;28(12):937-942. Published online December 10, 2007

Abstract
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Background
Several studies have demonstrated that mammographic dense breast is related to the risk of breast cancer and is associated with decreased mammographic sensitivity and specificity. In contrast, studies concerning women with dense breast are virtually non-existent. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between mammographic dense breast and other risk factors of breast cancer, and to make a plan for individualized strategies in high risk populations. Methods: The study subjects were 565 women, aged 20∼70 years, who had a screening mammogram from April 2005 to August 2005 at a health promotion center. Data of demographic factors, breast caner risk factors and menstrual status were collected by the self-administered questionnaire. Mammographic breast density was classified according to the American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) fours categories, as measured by the proportion of glandular tissues within the total breast tissue. Results: By BI-RADS categories, 'entirely fat' were 46, 'scattered fibroglandular' were 96, 'heterogenous dense' were 332 and 'extremely dense' were 91 (16.1%). Univariate analysis showed that age, occupation, education level, body mass index, age at menarche, parity, breast feeding, menopausal status and triglyceride had significantly related to dense breast (P＜0.05). In the multivariate logistic analysis, only low body mass index (P＜0.001), low parity (P=0.009, 0.038) and premenopausal status (P=0.001) were significantly associated with dense breast. Conclusion: In Korean women, dense breast was significantly associated with low body mass index, low parity and premenopausal status. Therefore, if women with dense breast have these risk factors, they need to be managed more intensively with regular screening, breast sonogram, and lifestyle modification. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007;28:937-942)

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The Influence of Depression on Cardiac Autonomous Control in the Thirties Male Workers.: Yong Chan Kim, Sang Wook Song, Jin Hee Shin, Seong Hyun Kim, Sung Goo Kang, Su Hwa Lee; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2004;25(11):809-817. Published online November 10, 2004

Abstract
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Background
: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between depression and heart rate variability in the thirties male workers.

Methods : Subjects were 85 thirties male workers who had routine health examination from June to July in 2002. They were classified as the depressed group (n=15) or the non-depressed group (n=70) on the basis of Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) index. 5- minute electrocardiographic (ECG) recordings were analyzed with time and frequency domain methods of heart rate variability (HRV). Standard Deviation of NN intervals (SDNN), Root-Mean-Square of Successive Differences (RMSSD), Total Power (TP), Low Frequency (LF: 0.04∼0.15 Hz) power, High Frequency (HF: 0.15∼0.4 Hz) power, LF/HF ratio were used as the indices of HRV. The data were analyzed using SPSS 11.0/PC program.

Results : There were no significant differences among the groups in drinking, smoking, body mass index (BMI), or exercise. Heart rate variability (SDNN, rMSSD, TP, LF, HF) was significantly lower in the depressed group than in the non-depressed group. Mean heart rate was also higher in the depressed group compared with the non-depressed group, but these differences did not attain statistical significance.

Conclusion : The association of depressed mood with reduced heart rate variability in the thirties male workers reflect dysregulation of cardiac autonomous control and may explain their increased risk for cardiovascular disease. However, we should confirm those effects through the well-designed prospective study.