Korean Journal of Family Medicine

Factors associated with intention to quit smoking in Indonesia: findings from a cross-sectional Global Adult Tobacco Survey: Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih, Bunga Astria Paramashanti, Wahyu Pudji Nugraheni, Tities Puspita, Basuki Rachmat, Debri Rizki Faisal; Korean J Fam Med 2026;47(3):267-273. Published online November 18, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.25.0016

Abstract
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Background
Smoking affects human health and healthcare systems worldwide, particularly in Indonesia. We used secondary data from the 2021 Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) to analyze Indonesian smoking cessation determinants.
Methods
We analyzed data from 2,877 individuals aged 15 years and older from the 2021 GATS Indonesia, selected through multistage clustering. We used multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for the complex survey in STATA 17.0 to examine Indonesian smokers’ intention to quit including age, sex, education, occupation, household wealth, place of residence, perceptions that smoking causes serious illness, efforts to stop smoking in the past, abstinence days in the past, health-related reason, social reason, environmental reason, and financial reason).
Results
Weighted adult intention to quit smoking within 12 months was 17.8%. Factors associated with intention to quit smoking among current smokers in Indonesia included adults age 45 years or older (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12–2.54), completed higher education (AOR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.01–3.42), working status (AOR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.55–0.96), perception that smoking causes serious illness (AOR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.96–4.22), abstinence days in the past >30 days (AOR, 3.10; 95% CI, 2.18–4.41), social reason (AOR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.05–2.09), and environmental reason (AOR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.23–2.28).
Conclusion
Intention to quit smoking depends on several factors. Smoking cessation guidelines must be widely and often implemented, especially for high-risk smokers. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological smoking cessation strategies require cooperation among healthcare providers, public health actors, and the government.

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The mediating role of nicotine dependence in the relationship between marital satisfaction and willingness to quit smoking: A cross-sectional study
Yaoqi Zhang, Lingling Huo, Yani Wang, Yiqing Huang, Rui Wang, Nan Jiang, Yi Guo, Fei Qi, Shanpeng Li
Tobacco Induced Diseases.2026; 24(May): 1. CrossRef

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Sociodemographic determinants and comorbidities associated with polypharmacy among the adult population in Korea: a nationwide claim analysis: Woo-young Shin, Tae-Hwa Go, Jung-ha Kim; Korean J Fam Med 2026;47(2):171-177. Published online October 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.24.0328

Abstract
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Background
Polypharmacy poses a growing challenge to healthcare systems because of its association with adverse effects and the misuse of medication. This study aimed to identify the sociodemographic factors and comorbidities associated with polypharmacy.
Methods
We selected patients aged ≥30 years registered in the National Health Information Database in 2018 who were prescribed at least one medication for ≥180 days. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the associations between polypharmacy, sociodemographic characteristics, and comorbidities.
Results
Polypharmacy was significantly associated with increasing age, with the strongest association observed in adults aged ≥65 years. Compared with medical aid recipients, higher-income groups had a weaker association with polypharmacy. After adjusting for covariates, significant associations with polypharmacy were found for specific comorbidities, such as Parkinson disease (odds ratio [OR], 3.804; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.733–3.876; P<0.001) and chronic ischemic heart disease (OR, 3.199; 95% CI, 3.178–3.221; P<0.001).
Conclusion
These findings may help reduce the burden of polypharmacy by facilitating the development of targeted strategies tailored to patients.

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Association between sedentary time and anxiety in Korean adults: insights from the 2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: So Hyeon Kim, Gyu Lee Kim, Jeong Gyu Lee, Yu Hyeon Yi, Young Jin Tak, Seung Hun Lee, Young Jin Ra, Sang Yeop Lee, Eun Ju Park, Young Hye Cho, Young In Lee, Jung In Choi, Sae Rom Lee, Ryuk Jun Kwon, Soo Min Son; Korean J Fam Med 2026;47(2):135-144. Published online September 17, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.24.0219

Abstract
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Background
Physical inactivity and sedentary behavior influence the prevalence of anxiety disorders. However, there is a lack of research on how these factors affect Korean adults. Therefore, we conducted a large-scale cohort study to investigate the association of physical activity and sedentary behavior with the development of anxiety disorders.
Methods
This cross-sectional study included 5,615 Korean adults aged 19 years and over. This study analyzed data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VIII (2021). Participants were divided into three groups based on sedentary time (minute per day), and anxiety levels were compared using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale.
Results
The odds ratio (OR) for severe generalized anxiety disorder was higher in the longer sedentary time group (≥480 & <660 minutes and ≥660 minutes) than in the lowest sedentary time group (<480 minutes) (≥480 & <660 minutes: OR, 1.004; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.463–2.178; ≥660 minutes: OR, 2.233; 95% CI, 1.385–3.599; P=0.001). After adjusting for confounding factors, these correlations remained consistent and statistically significant. Furthermore, subgroup analysis revealed that middle-aged adults, women, high school graduates, individuals living with housemates, and employed individuals had a stronger association with severe anxiety as sitting time increased.
Conclusion
Sitting for more than 11 hours a day is a significant risk factor for the development of severe anxiety. Incorporating regular walking into daily routines and reducing sedentary behaviors could alleviate anxiety in Korean adults.

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Association between sedentary behaviour, sleep duration, physical activity and mental health among teachers in China during COVID-19: a cross- sectional study
Yexin Ma, Yuntao Xu, Liyou Wu, Jiabao Guo, Binglin Chen
Frontiers in Public Health.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

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A cross-sectional study of breakfast skipping and body composition among young adults: Esther Kim, Kyujin Choi, Su-Min Jeong, Hee-Kyung Joh; Korean J Fam Med 2026;47(1):37-45. Published online February 26, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.24.0217

Abstract
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Background
Although breakfast provides essential nutrients and energy, skipping this meal has become increasingly common among young adults in Korea. In this study, we examine the relationship between breakfast consumption and body composition.
Methods
We analyzed data from 17,763 students aged 18–39 at Seoul National University (2018–2022). Participants were categorized based on their breakfast frequency: non-skippers, 1 to 3-day skippers, and 4 to 7-day skippers. Measurements included body mass index, waist circumference, body fat percentage, fat mass index (FMI), fat-free mass index (FFMI), and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI). Multivariable logistic and linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, alcohol use, smoking, physical activity, sleep, and food consumption frequencies were used.
Results
Obesity (17.4% vs. 14.8%) and abdominal obesity (10.0% vs. 7.8%) were higher in those skipping breakfast 4 to 7 d/wk compared with non-skippers. Skipping breakfast was not significantly associated with abdominal obesity in either sex. In women, the odds of obesity were higher (odds ratio, 1.57; 95% confidence interval, 1.14–2.15; P=0.006), whereas no significant difference was observed in men. Men who skipped breakfast had increased body fat percentage (coefficient, 0.87; P<0.001) and FMI (coefficient, 0.18; P=0.009) and decreased FFMI and SMI. Women showed increased body fat percentage (coefficient, 0.92; P<0.001) and FMI but no significant differences in FFMI or SMI.
Conclusion
Skipping breakfast adversely affects body composition by increasing body fat percentage and FMI. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and explore the underlying mechanisms.

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A year of significant progress for the Korean Journal of Family Medicine
Seung-Won Oh
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2026; 47(1): 1. CrossRef
Cumulative circadian disruption factors and metabolic syndrome
Jungun Lee
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2025; 46(3): 125. CrossRef

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Effect of electronic cigarettes on the change of Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence scores during 1-year follow-up: Saksorn Meelarp, Pantitra Singkheaw, Thanin Chattrapiban; Korean J Fam Med 2025;46(6):409-417. Published online November 13, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.24.0038

Background
The use of e-cigarettes is increasing globally, particularly among young adults. Although several use them to quit smoking, their effects are controversial. The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) was used to assess nicotine dependence in the smoking cessation process. This study examined changes in FTND scores among young adults using different types of cigarettes over a 1-year period.
Methods
Prospective cohort data were collected from cigarette users at higher education institutions in the lower northern region of Thailand to analyze changes in FTND scores over a 1-year period. E-cigarette users and combined users were compared with conventional cigarette users. A marginal structural model (MSM) with an inverse probability of weighting (IPW) was used to adjust for time-dependent and time-independent confounders.
Results
Of the 133 participants, 58 were e-cigarette users (43.6%), 33 were combined cigarette users (24.8%), and 42 were conventional cigarette users (31.6%). The results revealed that when both time-dependent and time-independent confounders were adjusted using MSM with IPW, e-cigarette users had a 0.20 decrease in the mean FTND score, and combined users had a 0.47 decrease in the mean FTND score compared to conventional cigarette users. However, the difference was not statistically significant.
Conclusion
The use of e-cigarettes or combined cigarettes did not significantly affect nicotine dependence levels in young adults over a 1-year period. Consequently, e-cigarettes should not be recommended to reduce nicotine dependence among young adult cigarette users. Further studies are required to determine whether e-cigarettes affect smoking cessation rates.

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A year of significant progress for the Korean Journal of Family Medicine
Seung-Won Oh
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2026; 47(1): 1. CrossRef

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Effectiveness of an informal home care support intervention program to reduce loneliness and improve quality of life among lonely community-dwelling older adults: a feasibility study: Ahmad Kousha, Elham Lotfalinezhad, Haidar Nadrian, Karen Andersen-Ranberg, Shannon Freeman, Fatemeh Barati, Hasan Mosazadeh, Mina Hashemiparast, Mohammed Asghari Jafarabadi, Ahmad Sohrabi, Mohammad Reza Honarvar; Korean J Fam Med 2025;46(3):185-194. Published online June 7, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.23.0269

Abstract
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Background
Establishing cost-effective informal care services for lonely older adults living at home in developing countries can be an innovative approach for improving their well-being. This study investigated the effectiveness of an informal home care support intervention program (HoSIP) reducing the loneliness and improving quality of life of lonely community-dwelling older adults.
Methods
This quasi-experimental pre-post study employed a non-randomized control group design with a 12-week intervention period and three follow-up points at the end of the HoSIP. Questionnaires were used to measure feelings of loneliness (20-item UCLA Loneliness Scale), quality of life (Control, Autonomy, Self‐Realization and Pleasure Scale), general health (12-item General Health Questionnaire), social network (six-item Lubben Social Network Scale), social support (12-item Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support), and self-care ability (17-item Self-care Ability Scale for the Elderly). Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to gauge the effect of the intervention program over time and in comparison to the control group. Data analyses were performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics software (IBM Corp.).
Results
We found a significant relationship between the outcome variables, including feelings of loneliness (P<0.001) and quality of life (P<0.001), at different stages of measurement. Despite the positive feasibility results, the implementation of the HoSIP faced challenges due to a lack of facilities (e.g., place restriction for holding educational classes, educational facilities like computers, video projector, and whiteboard at daycare center) and the absence of supporting organizations.
Conclusion
Utilizing the existing capabilities of older adults to provide online and face-to-face care services can be a cost-effective way to improve their quality of life and reduce loneliness. The process of facilitating such informal care services for lonely older adults should be managed by either governmental or non-governmental organizations to reduce the rate of social isolation among this vulnerable population.

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A randomized controlled trial to address a multimodal intervention in the elderly: the effects of the CAMINN study
Guillermo Palacios-Navarro, Pedro Ramos, David del Río, Santiago Gascón-Santos
Aging Clinical and Experimental Research.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Interventions against loneliness and social isolation in older adults– a systematic review
Johanna Bergsträsser, Teresa Schmahl, Jost Steinhäuser, Katja Goetz
BMC Public Health.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluating the sustainability and long-term outcomes of the Home Care Support Intervention Program (HoSIP) to reduce loneliness among community-dwelling older adults: A two-year follow-up study
Elham Lotfalinezhad, Shannon Freeman, Ahmad Kousha, Karen Andersen-Ranberg, Jeffrey E. Stokes, Sama Amirkhani-Ardeh, Ahmad Sohrabi, Farzaneh Barati, Mina Hashemiparast, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi, Mohammad Reza Honarvar, Haidar Nadrian, Mehdi Rezaei
PLOS One.2025; 20(10): e0331987. CrossRef
Reconsidering peer-based interventions for loneliness: reflections on the feasibility and future directions of the Home Support Intervention Program
Schawanya Kaewpitoon Rattanapitoon, Nav La, Nathkapach Kaewpitoon Rattanapitoon
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2025; 46(6): 461. CrossRef
Supportive environments moderate the relationship between frailty and life satisfaction in older adults: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study (CHARLS)
Ka Kei Chao, Sok Leng Che, Ka Kit Wong
BMC Geriatrics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Relationship between social participation and cognitive impairment in low-educated older adults based on Indonesian Family Life Survey-5: Jayanto Nanda Putra, Yuda Turana, Yvonne Suzy Handajani; Korean J Fam Med 2025;46(3):170-175. Published online May 21, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.23.0134

Abstract
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Background
The increasing older adult population requires attention in terms of education and health, as higher education levels contribute to cognitive reserve and may protect against age-related cognitive impairment. Cognitive reserve is an individual’s cognitive flexibility in using cognitive functions affected by brain aging, neurological diseases, and injury. Indonesia has a high prevalence of low-educated older adults, which strongly correlates with progressive cognitive impairment. Identifying risk factors for cognitive decline in this population is crucial. This study determines the factors affecting cognitive impairment in low-educated older adults using cross-sectional data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey-5.
Methods
This descriptive study analyzed 2,313 low-educated older adults ≥60 years old. Univariate and bivariate analyses were used to describe the sample and identify the relationships between categorical variables. Logistic regression identified the most significant factor affecting cognitive impairment.
Results
The prevalence of cognitive impairment in low-educated older adults is 22.6%. The chi-square test revealed significant relationships between those who are aged 75 years, a status other than married, female, living in rural areas, and not participating in social activities. Age is the most prominent factor affecting cognitive impairment in such adults (P<0.001; adjusted odds ratio, 3.232; 95% confidence interval, 2.500–4.180).
Conclusion
Cognitive impairment in the aforementioned adults is associated with being ≥75 years old, being a status other than married, being female, living in rural areas, and not participating in social activities. After controlling other variables, low-educated older adults who participated in at least ≥1 social activity in the last 12 months experienced cognitive impairment 0.64 times compared to those who did not participate in social activities.

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Mapping dementia research in Indonesia: A scoping review of evidence, gaps, and future directions
Anna Tjin, Fasihah Irfani Fitri, Michael Maitimoe, Diany Syafitri, Shofia Mawaddah, Tung Le, Firda Aminy Ma’ruf, Sarah Bauermeister, Robert Stewart, Iracema Leroi, Asri Maharani, Damen Haile Mariam
PLOS Global Public Health.2026; 6(3): e0005444. CrossRef
Impact of social wellbeing on tooth loss and cognition: A scoping review
Charlotte Cheuk Kwan Chan, Huimin Chen, Colman McGrath, Iven Klineberg, Gloria Hoi Yan Wong, Hui Chen
Journal of Dentistry.2024; 150: 105376. CrossRef

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Associations of Alcohol Consumption and Smoking Behaviors with Depressed Mood According to Gender in Korean Young Adults: Jung Won Hwang, Youngmi Eun, Chan-Hee Song; Korean J Fam Med 2023;44(5):274-280. Published online July 7, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.22.0146

Abstract
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Background
Recent studies have reported that chronic mental health problems often emerge in young adulthood. This study elucidated the independent effects of smoking and drinking on depressed mood in young adults by sex.
Methods
We used Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys conducted in 2014, 2016, and 2018. A total of 3,391 participants aged 19–35 years, without serious chronic diseases, were recruited for this study. Depression was evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9).
Results
Smoking behavior, current smoking, and number of days smoked were significantly associated with higher PHQ-9 scores in both men and women (all P<0.05). However, past and ever smoking were positively associated with PHQ-9 scores only in women (all P<0.001). Regarding alcohol consumption, the age at which drinking first began was negatively associated with PHQ-9 scores in both men and women (all P<0.001), but the amount of alcohol consumed at 1 time was positively associated with PHQ-9 scores only in women (P=0.013). Men who drank 2–4 times a month and women who had not drunk during the past year had the lowest PHQ-9 scores.
Conclusion
Smoking and alcohol consumption were independently associated with depressed mood in young Korean adults, which was more pronounced in women, and exhibited sex-specific characteristics.

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Socio-economic Determinants of Health Check-up Attendance among Korean Young Adults: Analysis of the 9th KNHANES (2022-2024)
Chang Soo Lee, Mi Ah Han, Seong Woo Choi, So Yeon Ryu
Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2026; 51(2): 83. CrossRef
Articles published in Korean Journal of Family Medicine: impact of COVID-19 on study trends
Byung Ho Kong, Jae Kyung Choi, San-Sung Lee, Ji Young Kim
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2025; 46(5): 316. CrossRef
Comparison of Depression-related Factors among Young Adults Pre- and Post-COVID-19: Focusing on the Early Pandemic Period
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Pharmacotherapy guidelines for smoking cessation in primary healthcare clinics
Cheol Min Lee, Yu Jin Paek, Yoo Bin Seo, Eon Sook Lee
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2024; 67(4): 230. CrossRef

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Dietary Intake and Nutritional Status in Young and Middle-Aged Adults according to the Meal Frequency from the Korea National Health and Nutritional Survey: Junhee Park, Yohwan Yeo, Jun Hyun Yoo; Korean J Fam Med 2022;43(5):319-326. Published online September 20, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.21.0149

Background
Previous studies have shown a close relationship between skipping breakfast and nutritional deficiency. However, the impact of regular eating, including lunch and dinner, has not been studied well. We explored the correlation between regularity and frequency of daily meals and nutritional status.
Methods
We analyzed Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys between 2016 and 2018. A total of 7,725 adults aged 19–49 years were classified into four groups according to the regularity of meal intake: three-meal regular diet (3MRD), two-meal regular diet, one-meal regular diet, and irregular diet (IRD). Food and nutrient intake was assessed using the 24-hour recall method and estimated by a generalized linear model in complex sample weight variables.
Results
In IRD, there were relatively more females who were not married, lived alone, or reported low levels of education. As subjects ate more meals, more people felt thinner and healthier by themselves. Dietary intake of cereal, vegetables, seaweed, and fiber was directly proportional to the number of regular meals as well as essential components such as water, carbohydrates, protein, fat, and micronutrients. Contrarily, alcohol and beverage consumption was inversely proportional to the number of regular meals. Intake level of legumes, fish, fruits, seasonings, milk, oils, sugars, and cholesterol was consistent regardless of meal frequency.
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that 3MRD showed nutrient adequacy and a healthier profile on body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, serum fasting glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride.

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Ariko Umezawa, Noriko Sato, Hiiro Terasaki, Yu Tahara, Shigenobu Shibata
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Eating patterns in Korean adults, 1998–2018: increased energy contribution of ultra-processed foods in main meals and snacks
Sukyoung Jung, Jee Young Kim, Sohyun Park
European Journal of Nutrition.2024; 63(1): 279. CrossRef
Analysis of dietary behavior and intake related to glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes aged 30 years or older in Korea: Utilizing the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019–2021)
Jin-Ah Seok, Yeon-Kyung Lee
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Gyeongsil Lee, Seung-Won Oh
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A national cross-sectional study on breakfast skipping-related factors and comparison of nutritional status according to breakfast skipping in older adults based on the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2020)
Anna Han, Yean Jung Choi
The Journal of nutrition, health and aging.2024; 28(9): 100335. CrossRef
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Marcin Kosmalski, Rafał Frankowski, Monika Różycka-Kosmalska, Kasper Sipowicz, Tadeusz Pietras, Łukasz Mokros
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Jung Min Cho, Niravkumar Joshi
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Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2022; 43(5): 275. CrossRef

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Association between Relative Handgrip Strength and Insulin Resistance in Korean Elderly Men without Diabetes: Findings of the 2015 Korea National Health Nutrition Examination Survey: Kwang-Chae Joo, Da-Hye Son, Jae-Min Park; Korean J Fam Med 2022;43(3):199-205. Published online May 20, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.21.0138

Abstract
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Background
Evidence regarding the association between handgrip strength (HGS) and insulin resistance in a non-diabetic population is scarce. This study aimed to investigate the association between relative HGS and insulin resistance in older men without diabetes, using a representative sample of the Korean male population.
Methods
The study population comprised 206 participants aged 65–80 years, selected from the 2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Insulin resistance was defined as the upper tertile of the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for insulin resistance were assessed using multiple logistic regression analyses after adjusting for confounding variables.
Results
The prevalence of insulin resistance decreased with increasing relative HGS. The prevalence in the T1, T2, and T3 groups was 46.0%, 32.2%, and 26.4%, respectively. Compared with the individuals in the highest tertile of relative HGS, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for insulin resistance in individuals in the lowest quartile was 2.82 (1.10–7.21) after adjusting for age, smoking, alcohol consumption, aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, residential area, household income, and education level.
Conclusion
Lower relative HGS was inversely associated with an increased risk of insulin resistance in older Korean men without diabetes. In clinical practice, relative HGS, which is a simple and inexpensive tool, could be a useful measure for identifying older men with insulin resistance. Moreover, these findings suggest that muscle strengthening exercises should be considered to reduce insulin resistance and increase insulin sensitivity.

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Jingfeng Zou, Liyin Zhang, Shaotian Li, Shanshan Hu, Chunhui Tian, Yiting Liu, Yilan Yin, Mi Yan, Guqiao Nie, Wen Peng
Experimental Gerontology.2026; 217: 113086. CrossRef
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Heba E. Kasem, Ahmed R. El Arbagy, Yassen S. Lasheen, Hazem M. Hamad, Nahla K. Gaballa, Maymona A.E.-W. Al Khalifa, Ahmed M. Kamal
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Milk Consumption and Bone Mineral Density in Adults: Using Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2011: Ji Soo Kim, Seung-Won Oh, Jiwoo Kim; Korean J Fam Med 2021;42(4):327-333. Published online July 20, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.20.0182

Abstract
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Background
Milk consumption is associated with bone mineral density (BMD), but reports are limited in terms of participant age, sex, and number of study subjects. We investigated the association between milk consumption and BMD in South Korean adults (≥20 years).
Methods
We analyzed men and women aged ≥20 years who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2008–2011. We used linear regression to calculate the mean BMD and 95% confidence interval (CI) based on the frequency of milk consumption. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CI for T-scores ≤-2.5 (osteoporosis) in both men aged ≥50 years and postmenopausal women.
Results
In total 8,539 subjects were studied. Drinking milk more than once a day was associated with higher BMD in the total femur and femoral neck in men aged <50 years and lumbar spine in men aged ≥50 years, compared to less than once a week. It was also associated with lower ORs for osteoporosis of the femoral neck and lumbar spine in men aged ≥50 years (OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.125–0.979 and OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.143–0.804, respectively). In postmenopausal women who consumed milk 2–6 times weekly, higher BMD and lower OR for osteoporosis were observed in the total femur (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.055–0.958).
Conclusion
This study suggests that frequent milk consumption could potentially reduce osteoporosis incidence in South Korean adults. Further prospective study is necessary to elucidate the effect of milk consumption on BMD.

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Dietary riboflavin (vitamin B2) intake and osteoporosis in U.S. female adults: unveiling of association and exploration of potential molecular mechanisms
QianKun Yang, Li Zhang, Dong Sun, Shen Jie, XiaoLiang Tao, Qing Meng, Fei Luo
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Is it advisable for Asians to drink milk, especially those at risk of osteoporosis?
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Graphene-based biosensors in milk analysis: A review of recent developments
Sule Bayrak, Hazal Gergeroglu
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Does Changing the Ratio of Dietary Sodium-to-Potassium Intake Affect Bone Mineral Density?
Soo Young Kim
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Evaluation of the Association between Amount and Type of Milk Consumption and Periodontitis: Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2018)
Eun Jeong Min, Siseong Jeong, Jun-Beom Park
Nutrients.2023; 15(4): 914. CrossRef

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Associations between Living Alone and Smoking and Alcohol Consumption in Korean Adults: Sang-Woo Lee, Byoungduck Han, Sung Jung Cho, Seung Jin Jung, Youn Huh, Junghun Kim, Do Hyun Eum, Taeryoon Kim, Soon-Hong Min, Woohyun Lee, Jinhee Cho, Min Hee Kwon, Ga Eun Nam; Korean J Fam Med 2020;41(5):306-311. Published online May 26, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.18.0148

Abstract
PDF

Background
Recently, single-person households have increased in Korea and this trend may have potential public health implications and affect various health behaviors. This study investigated the associations between living alone and health behaviors such as smoking and alcohol consumption among Korean adults.
Methods
We used data from the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2013 and 2015 and a total of 17,088 adults were included. We performed a multivariable logistic regression analysis and calculated odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Results
Single-person households accounted for about 10% of the total participants. The proportions of currently smoking and heavy alcohol consumption were higher among individuals living alone than those living together among younger women and middle-aged and elderly men and women. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, living alone was associated with increased odds of currently smoking compared to living together among middle-aged men and women (OR, 7.37; 95% CI, 2.33–23.32 in men and OR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.04–5.36 in women) after adjusting for confounding variables.
Conclusion
From this nationwide, population-based study, we found that living alone is associated with increased odds of currently smoking, especially in middle-aged people. Public health concerns may be warranted for middle-aged single-person households to reduce health risks related to smoking.

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Jaehee Yoon, Hyun-Ju Seo, Youjin Jung, Eun Jung Bae, Joohyun Chung, Sangsuk Kim, Heesook Son
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Living Alone as a Persistent Risk Factor for Smoking and High-Risk Drinking: A Three-Year Repeated Cross-Sectional Analysis Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Republic of Korea
Sarang Jang
Healthcare.2026; 14(9): 1251. CrossRef
Total and Premature Mortality in Single-Person Households: Comparative Study of Korean and UK Data
Jae-Seung Yun, Joonyub Lee, Hong-Hee Won, Bongseong Kim, Sang-Hyuk Jung, Misook Kim, Hyeon-Jin Yu, Doyoun Hong, Kyuho Kim, Seung-Hyun Ko, Yu-Bae Ahn, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee
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Alcohol in isolation: Understanding single-person household drinking patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic in Seoul
Nan-He Yoon, Dong Ha Kim, Seunghyun Yoo
Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2025; 42(3): 35. CrossRef
Associations of social isolation with sleep duration and sleep quality in the elderly: Mediating influence of depression
Hong-Ying Yang, Lian Li, Lu-Jie Yu, Guo-Lin Bian
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Early-term heterogeneous trajectories of patient-reported outcome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a multicenter and prospective longitudinal study
Jinbo Zhao, Yongchao Hou, Yuan Chu, Min He, Renting Xie, Hui Liu, Yahui Wang, Li Li
European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing.2025; 24(6): 936. CrossRef
Longitudinal Associations between Living Alone and Mental Health and Mortality in Ageing Adults in South Africa
Supa Pengpid, Karl Peltzer
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Secondary cross-sectional analysis of smoking and drinking factors among older Korean men: A 13-year national survey
Jimin Lee^*+, Youngmee Kim^*+, Won-Kyung Cho
Tobacco Induced Diseases.2025; 23(November): 1. CrossRef
Living alone and cancer mortality by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status among US working‐age adults
Hyunjung Lee, Gopal K. Singh, Ahmedin Jemal, Farhad Islami
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Association between living alone and all-cause mortality of young and middle-aged patients with acute myocardial infarction: analysis of the China Acute Myocardial Infarction (CAMI) registry
Yu Jiang, Jin-Gang Yang, Hai-Yan Qian, Yue-Jin Yang
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Kimiko Tomioka, Midori Shima, Keigo Saeki
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Supa Pengpid, Karl Peltzer, Dararatt Anantanasuwong, Wasin Kaewchankha
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The influencing factors of health status among low-income individuals living alone in Wuxi, China
Shiming Li, Yue Wu, Queping Yang, Ying Jiang, Haohao Zhu
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Дар’я Яшкіна
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Determinants of Problem Drinking by Regional Variation among Adult Males in Single-Person Households: Geographically Weighted Regression Model Analysis
Junggeun Ahn, Heeseung Choi, Jiu Kim
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Six-year mortality associated with living alone and loneliness in Swedish men and women born in 1930
Masuma Novak, Margda Waern, Lena Johansson, Anna Zettergren, Lina Ryden, Hanna Wetterberg, Therese Rydberg Sterner, Madeleine Mellqvist Fässberg, Pia Gudmundsson, Ingmar Skoog
BMC Geriatrics.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between Increasing Social Capital and Decreasing Prevalence of Smoking at the Municipality Level: Repeated Cross-Sectional Study from the JAGES
Hiroki Takeuchi, Kazushige Ide, Ryota Watanabe, Yasuhiro Miyaguni, Katsunori Kondo
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(8): 4472. CrossRef
Living Alone Is Not Associated With Cardiovascular Events and Hypoglycemia in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Zhaowei Zhu, Zhenyu Peng, Zhenhua Xing
Frontiers in Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Living alone and all-cause mortality in community-dwelling adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Yunli Zhao, Gordon Guyatt, Ya Gao, Qiukui Hao, Ream Abdullah, John Basmaji, Farid Foroutan
eClinicalMedicine.2022; 54: 101677. CrossRef
Current status of health promotion in Korea
Soo Young Kim
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(12): 776. CrossRef

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Association of Geriatric Syndromes with Urinary Incontinence according to Sex and Urinary-Incontinence–Related Quality of Life in Older Inpatients: A Cross-Sectional Study of an Acute Care Hospital: Kyoung Jin Kim, Jinyoung Shin, Jaekyung Choi, Jae-Min Park, Hyoung Keun Park, Jongmin Lee, Seol-Heui Han; Korean J Fam Med 2019;40(4):235-240. Published online July 20, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.18.0011

Abstract
PDF

Background
Geriatric syndromes are associated with morbidity and poor quality of life (QOL). Urinary incontinence (UI) is one of the most prevalent geriatric syndromes. However, there is little research on the association of UI and UI-related QOL with other geriatric syndromes. We investigated the relationship between geriatric syndromes and UI according to gender and UI-related QOL among older inpatients.
Methods
This study was conducted among 444 older inpatients (aged 65 years and older) between October 2016 and July 2017. We examined geriatric syndromes and related factors involving cognitive impairment, delirium, depression, mobility decline, polypharmacy, undernutrition, pain, and fecal incontinence. UI-related QOL was assessed using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate these associations.
Results
Geriatric syndromes and related factors were associated with UI. Mobility decline (odds ratio [OR], 4.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.29–7.56), polypharmacy (OR, 3.35; 95% CI, 1.89–5.92), and pain (OR, 6.80; 95% CI, 3.53–13.09) were related to UI in both genders. Especially, delirium (OR, 7.55; 95% CI, 1.61–35.44) and fecal incontinence (OR, 10.15; 95% CI, 2.50–41.17) were associated with UI in men, while cognitive impairment (OR, 4.19; 95% CI, 1.14–15.44) was significantly associated with UI in women. Patients with depression were more likely to have poor UI-related QOL (OR, 8.54; 95% CI, 1.43–51.15).
Conclusion
UI was associated with different geriatric syndromes and related factors according to gender. Care for patients with depression, related to poor UI-related QOL, should be considered in primary care to improve the UI-related QOL of these individuals.

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Diagnostic accuracy of the World Health Organization ICOPE screening tool in Brazilian older adults: a cross-sectional study
Lívia Maria do Nascimento, Thainá Gabrielle Camargo da Cruz, Juliana Fernanda de Lima e Silva, Letícia Prado Silva, Beatriz Bigatão Inácio, Marcos Eduardo Scheicher
Clinics.2026; 81: 100915. CrossRef
SCREENING FOR SARCOPENIA IN OLDER ADULTS LIVING IN KIRIKKALE PROVINCE: A PILOT STUDY
Şeyma Akdağli, Meral Sertel
Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi.2025; 27(1): 14. CrossRef
Urinary incontinence as a hidden driver of mental health, falls, and frailty in community-dwelling older adults
Sultan Keskin Demircan, Zeynep Ece Aytar, Gülşah Börekçi Semiz
Batı Karadeniz Tıp Dergisi.2025; 9(3): 320. CrossRef
Impact of Polypharmacy and Risk Factors for Exacerbation of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Patients with Urological Conditions: A Retrospective Study in a Japanese Municipal Hospital
Shunsuke Yoshizawa, Tomoya Tachi, Yuta Takahashi, Satoshi Aoyama, Yoshihiro Noguchi, Kazuhide Tanaka, Masahiro Yasuda, Takashi Mizui, Hisao Komeda, Tomoaki Yoshimura, Hitomi Teramachi
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin.2024; 47(4): 818. CrossRef
PREVALÊNCIA DA POLIFARMÁCIA ASSOCIADA A FUNCIONALIDADE EM PESSOAS IDOSAS HOSPITALIZADAS
Danielle Bordin, Laurieli Pereira de Oliveira, Lara Simone Messias Floriano, Carla Luiza Da Silva, Everson Augusto Krum, Clóris Regina Blanski Grden
Revista Enfermagem Atual In Derme.2024; 98(3): e024347. CrossRef
Prevalence of urinary incontinence and its associated predictor and Self-care behavior among the elderly females in Chaiyaphum Province, Thailand: Cross-sectional study
Patchareepon Chompoowisate, Sumattana Glangkarn, Chaloemporn Namyota
Journal of Education and Health Promotion.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification of Factors Affecting the Increased Percentage of CGA Recommendations among Patients on Geriatric Ward
Justyna Gołębiowska, Małgorzata Szymala-Pędzik, Joanna Żórawska, Małgorzata Sobieszczańska, Siddarth Agrawal
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(3): 2065. CrossRef
Factors Affecting Urinary Incontinence-related Quality of Life in Geriatric Patients: An observational Cross-Sectional Study in a Tertiary Hospital Urology Clinic in Turkey
Reha Girgin, Engin Denizhan Demirkıran
Iberoamerican Journal of Medicine.2022; 4(4): 177. CrossRef
The effect of incontinence on depression among older adults: a longitudinal study in China
Y. Zhang
Public Health.2022; 212: 58. CrossRef
Urinary incontinence and related quality of life among elderly women in Tabas, South Khorasan, Iran
Zahra Najafi, Mohammad Ali Morowatisharifabad, Sara Jambarsang, Hassan Rezaeipandari, Roya Hemayati
BMC Urology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Urinary incontinence and the association with depression, stress, and self-esteem in older Korean Women
Hoo-yeon Lee, Yumie Rhee, Kui Son Choi
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Prevalence of sarcopenia in older women with pelvic floor dysfunction
Rávida R.L. Silva, Janaína F.V. Coutinho, Camila T.M. Vasconcelos, José Ananias Vasconcelos Neto, Rachel Gabriel B. Barbosa, Marília B. Marques, Dayana M. Saboia, Juliana C. Maia
European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology.2021; 263: 159. CrossRef
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Sigrid Ege
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Vânia Guimarães, Elsa Oliveira, Alberto Carvalho, Nuno Cardoso, Johannes Emerich, Chantale Dumoulin, Nathalie Swinnen, Jacqueline De Jong, Eling D. de Bruin
Applied Sciences.2021; 11(17): 7986. CrossRef
The prevalence and risk factors for urinary incontinence among inpatients, a multicenter study from Turkey
Sumru Savas, Bülent Saka, Sibel Akın, Ilker Tasci, Pinar Tosun Tasar, Asli Tufan, Hakan Yavuzer, Cafer Balci, Gülbüz Sezgin, Mehmet Akif Karan, Fatma Ozge Kayhan Kocak, Zeynel Abidin Ozturk, Murat Varli, Deniz Suna Erdinçler, Mert Esme, Selim Nalbant, Mus
Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics.2020; 90: 104122. CrossRef
Possible relationship between prescription medications and urinary dysfunction in elderly home health care patients
Sayaka Miyazaki, Shizuo Yamada, Sadanori Higashino, Yoriko Watanabe, Katsuyoshi Mizukami
Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Geriatrics.2019; 56(3): 301. CrossRef

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16 Crossref

Influence of Offspring on Self-Rated Health among Older Adults: Evidence from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (2006–2012): Jae-Hyun Kim, Eun-Cheol Park, Yunhwan Lee, Sang Gyu Lee; Korean J Fam Med 2018;39(3):191-199. Published online May 18, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2018.39.3.191

Abstract
PDF

Background
We investigated whether offspring protect or jeopardize in parents.
Methods
We used data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging and performed a longitudinal analysis of 10,236 individuals at baseline (2006) to estimate the association between offspring-related factors and self-rated health among individuals ≥45 years of age.
Results
The estimate for self-rated health was 0.612 times lower (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.503–0.746; P<0.0001) for those with zero offspring. The estimate for self-rated health was 0.736 (95% CI, 0.635–0.853; P<0.0001) for those with five offspring or more. The estimate for self-rated health was 0.707 (95% CI, 0.528–0.947; P=0.020) for males with zero offspring. The estimate for self-rated health was 0.563 (95% CI, 0.422–0.751; P<0.001) for females with no offspring and for females with five or more offspring. The estimate for self-rated health was 0.686 times lower (95% CI, 0.573–0.822; P<0.0001) for those with five or more offspring compared to females with two offspring.
Conclusion
Those with more offspring (≥5) and those with no offspring tended to have an increased probability of low self-rated health. Overall, our results suggest that offspring have a significant positive effect on self-rated health, which was evident graphically as an inverted U-shape.

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Sleep problems, pain interference, and global subjective health outcome: Findings from a representative aging study in Ghana
Razak M. Gyasi, Emmanuel Konadu, Priscilla Appiah, Desmond Agyei, Emmanuel Nyaaba, Michael Kwadwo Ntiamoah, Hubert Bimpeh Asiedu, Elizabeth Nana Mbrah Koomson-Yalley, Margaret Makafui Tayviah, Jones Opoku-Ware, André Hajek
Geriatric Nursing.2025; 61: 73. CrossRef
Associations between vigorous physical activity, social ties, social support, and self-reported health among older adults in Accra, Ghana
Nestor Asiamah, Kyriakos Kouveliotis, Richard Eduafo, Richard Borkey, Zulkarnain Jaafar
PLOS Global Public Health.2023; 3(2): e0001582. CrossRef
KLoSA—Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging
Jungun Lee
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2020; 41(1): 1. CrossRef
Association of employment status and income with self-rated health among waged workers with disabilities in South Korea: population-based panel study
Jae Woo Choi, Juyeong Kim, Euna Han, Tae Hyun Kim
BMJ Open.2019; 9(11): e032174. CrossRef

7,824 View
71 Download
6 Web of Science
4 Crossref

Association between Physical Activity and Depressive Mood among Korean Adults with Chronic Diseases: Seon-Young Park, Kiheon Lee, Yoo Jin Um, Suekyoung Paek, In Sun Ryou; Korean J Fam Med 2018;39(3):185-190. Published online May 18, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2018.39.3.185

Abstract
PDF

Background
This study aimed to investigate the association between physical activity and depressive mood among Korean adults with chronic diseases.
Methods
This study analyzed the 2014 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. The study was restricted to participants aged ≥20 years who had completed the survey and were not diagnosed as having depression. After exclusion, 4,676 participants were included in the final analysis. Subjects were categorized according to their level of physical activity. Physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Patients were categorized into two groups according to depressive traits (normal and depressed) based on the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire scores.
Results
In univariate analysis, significant associations were observed between the level of physical activity and depressive mood in both chronic and healthy groups. Participants with higher levels of physical activity had lower risks of depressive mood than those with lower levels of physical activity, especially patients with chronic diseases (odds ratio [OR], 0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.31–0.73). Similar trends were observed in multivariate logistic regression analysis (OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.34–0.88).
Conclusion
Physical activity significantly decreased the development of depressive mood among Korean adults with chronic diseases compared with their healthy counterparts. Physical activity must be emphasized in patients with chronic diseases.

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Comparative Associations of Aerobic Exercise and Resistance Exercise With Depression and Anxiety in Korean Adults: A Nationwide Propensity Score Matching Analysis
Ye-Jin Yun, Yaeji Lee, Yu-Jin Kwon, Ji-Won Lee
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Changes in outcomes immediately after outdoor exercise in people with musculoskeletal diseases: The OUTdoor Physical ACtivity (OUTPAC) study
Jonas R Ahler, Søren T Skou, Pætur M Holm, Alexander Harrison, Dorthe V Poulsen, Rana S Hinman, Travis Haber, Lars H Tang
Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine.2026; 69(5): 102095. CrossRef
Outdoor Exercise for People with Rheumatic Disease–Study Protocol and Baseline Characteristics of the OUTdoor Physical ACtivity Cohort (OUTPAC)
Jonas R. Ahler, Lars H. Tang, Dorthe V. Poulsen, Søren T. Skou, Pætur M. Holm
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2025; 22(1): 92. CrossRef
The Mediating Effect of Physical Activity on the Relationship between Depression and Health-related Quality of Life among Patients with Hypertension and Diabetes in Seoul
In-Young Yoo
Journal of The Korean Society of Living Environmental System.2025; 32(2): 179. CrossRef
Benefits and harms of structured outdoor physical activity for people with somatic or mental diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Jonas R. Ahler, Henriette Busk, Pætur M. Holm, Alessio Bricca, Dorthe V. Poulsen, Søren T. Skou, Lars H. Tang
Preventive Medicine.2024; 183: 107966. CrossRef
Is COVID-19 induced reductions in the level of physical activity associated with increased depressive symptoms in patients with hypertension?
Yeong Jun Ju, Woorim Kim, Soon Young Lee
Journal of Psychosomatic Research.2023; 166: 111160. CrossRef
Gender Difference of the Association between Energy Intake Expenditure Balance and Depression among Korean Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study from the 2014, 2016, and 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Eunho Lee, Ha Jin Kim, Jusam Hwang, Minseon Park
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2023; 44(6): 319. CrossRef

9,976 View
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7 Crossref

A Diagnosis to Consider in an Adult Patient with Facial Features and Intellectual Disability: Williams Syndrome: Özlem Akgün Doğan, Pelin Özlem Şimşek Kiper, Gülen Eda Utine, Mehmet Alikaşifoğlu, Koray Boduroğlu; Korean J Fam Med 2017;38(2):102-105. Published online March 22, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2017.38.2.102

Abstract
PDF

Williams syndrome (OMIM #194050) is a rare, well-recognized, multisystemic genetic condition affecting approximately 1/7,500 individuals. There are no marked regional differences in the incidence of Williams syndrome. The syndrome is caused by a hemizygous deletion of approximately 28 genes, including ELN on chromosome 7q11.2. Prenatal-onset growth retardation, distinct facial appearance, cardiovascular abnormalities, and unique hypersocial behavior are among the most common clinical features. Here, we report the case of a patient referred to us with distinct facial features and intellectual disability, who was diagnosed with Williams syndrome at the age of 37 years. Our aim is to increase awareness regarding the diagnostic features and complications of this recognizable syndrome among adult health care providers. Williams syndrome is usually diagnosed during infancy or childhood, but in the absence of classical findings, such as cardiovascular anomalies, hypercalcemia, and cognitive impairment, the diagnosis could be delayed. Due to the multisystemic and progressive nature of the syndrome, accurate diagnosis is critical for appropriate care and screening for the associated morbidities that may affect the patient's health and well-being.

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Williams–Beuren syndrome: a complete guide for oral healthcare
Pavan Manohar Patil, Seema Pavan Patil
Journal of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery.2021; 27(2): 21. CrossRef

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25 Download
1 Crossref

Association between Physical Activity Levels and Physical Symptoms or Illness among University Students in Korea: Sang-Hyun Ahn, Yoo-Jin Um, Young-Ju Kim, Hyun-Joo Kim, Seung-Won Oh, Cheol Min Lee, Hyuktae Kwon, Hee-Kyung Joh; Korean J Fam Med 2016;37(5):279-286. Published online September 21, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2016.37.5.279

Abstract
PDF

Background

Low levels of physical activity can cause various physical symptoms or illness. However, few studies on this association have been conducted in young adults. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between physical activity levels and physical symptoms or illness in young adults.

Methods

Subjects were university students who participated in a web-based self-administered questionnaire in a university in Seoul in 2013. We obtained information on physical activities and physical symptoms or illness in the past year. Independent variables were defined as symptoms or illness which were associated with decreased academic performance. Logistic regression was performed to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of each physical symptom or illness with adjustment for covariables.

Results

A total of 2,201 participants were included in the study. The main physical symptoms or illness among participants were severe fatigue (64.2%), muscle or joint pain (46.3%), gastrointestinal problems (43.1%), headache or dizziness (38.6%), frequent colds (35.1%), and sleep problems (33.3%). Low physical activity levels were significantly associated with high ORs of physical symptoms or illness. Multivariable-adjusted ORs (95% CIs) in the lowest vs. highest tertile of physical activity were 1.45 (1.14–1.83) for severe fatigue, 1.35 (1.07–1.70) for frequent colds, and 1.29 (1.02–1.63) for headaches or dizziness. We also found that lower levels of physical activity were associated with more physical symptoms or bouts of illness.

Conclusion

Low physical activity levels were significantly associated with various physical symptoms or illness among university students. Also, individuals in the lower levels of physical activity were more likely to experience more physical symptoms or bouts of illness than those in the highest tertile of physical activity.

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Suyeon Kim, Junyeon Kim, Hyunjung Lim
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Jesús Cebrino, Silvia Portero de la Cruz
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Food Choice Motives, Physical Activity Level and Body Mass Index Status Among Undergraduates Students: A Cross-sectional Study
Sharina Barkiah Muhamad Azhar, Divya Vanoh, Keerthana Sree Ganggaya
Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences.2023; 19(6): 151. CrossRef
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Ju-Hee Nho, Soo-Wan Chae
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Minjeong Kang, Mingyu Joo, Haeryun Hong, Hyunsik Kang
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Hee Jun Kim, Sunjoo Boo, Timothy J Meeker
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Physical Activity and Physical Fitness among University Students—A Systematic Review
Vidran Kljajević, Mima Stanković, Dušan Đorđević, Drena Trkulja-Petković, Rade Jovanović, Kristian Plazibat, Mario Oršolić, Mijo Čurić, Goran Sporiš
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 19(1): 158. CrossRef
Objectively Measured Physical Activity in Migraine as a Function of Headache Activity
Daniel G. Rogers, Dale S. Bond, John P. Bentley, Todd A. Smitherman
Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain.2020; 60(9): 1930. CrossRef
Stress, Emotional Intelligence and the Intention to Use Cannabis in Spanish Adolescents: Influence of COVID-19 Confinement
Cristina Liébana-Presa, María Cristina Martínez-Fernández, José Alberto Benítez-Andrades, Elena Fernández-Martínez, Pilar Marqués-Sánchez, Isaías García-Rodríguez
Frontiers in Psychology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Analysis of Motivational Climate, Emotional Intelligence, and Healthy Habits in Physical Education Teachers of the Future Using Structural Equations
Gabriel González-Valero, Félix Zurita-Ortega, Ramón Chacón-Cuberos, Pilar Puertas-Molero
Sustainability.2019; 11(13): 3740. CrossRef
Gender Differences and Relationships among Lifestyle and Reproductive Health in University Students
Ju-Hee Nho, Hee Sun Kim
Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2019; 25(4): 446. CrossRef
Physical Activity-Related Injury and Its Associated Factors among Middle School Students in Southern China
Weicong Cai, Yang Gao, Wenda Yang, Fuyuan Cheng, Dongchun Tang, Liping Li
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2018; 15(6): 1244. CrossRef
Country and Gender-Specific Achievement of Healthy Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines: Latent Class Analysis of 6266 University Students in Egypt, Libya, and Palestine
Walid El Ansari, Gabriele Berg-Beckhoff
Nutrients.2017; 9(7): 738. CrossRef

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57 Download
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13 Crossref

Inter-arm Differences in Simultaneous Blood Pressure Measurements in Ambulatory Patients without Cardiovascular Diseases: Kyoung Bog Kim, Mi Kyeong Oh, Haa Gyoung Kim, Ji Hoon Ki, Soo Hee Lee, Su Min Kim; Korean J Fam Med 2013;34(2):98-106. Published online March 20, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2013.34.2.98

Abstract
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Background

It has traditionally been known that there is normally a difference in blood pressure (BP) between the two arms; there is at least 20 mm Hg difference in the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and 10 mm Hg difference in the diastolic blood pressure (DBP). However, recent epidemiologic studies have shown that there are between-arm differences of < 5 mm Hg in simultaneous BP measurements. The purposes of this study is to examine whether there are between-arm differences in simultaneous BP measurements obtained from ambulatory patients without cardiovascular diseases and to identify the factors associated these differences.

Methods

We examined 464 patients who visited the outpatient clinic of Gangneung Asan Hospital clinical department. For the current analysis, we excluded patients with ischemic heart disease, stroke, arrhythmia, congestive heart failure, or hyperthyroidism. Simultaneous BP measurements were obtained using the Omron MX3 BP monitor in both arms. The inter-arm difference (IAD) in BP was expressed as the relative difference (right-arm BP [R] minus left-arm BP [L]: R - L) and the absolute difference (|R - L|).

Results

The mean absolute IAD in SBP and DBP were 3.19 ± 2.38 and 2.41 ± 1.59 mm Hg, respectively, in men and 2.61 ± 2.18 and 2.25 ± 2.01 mm Hg, respectively, in women. In men, there were 83.8% of patients with the IAD in SBP of ≤ 6 mm Hg, 98.1% with the IAD in SBP of ≤ 10 mm Hg, 96.5% with the IAD in DBP of ≤ 6 mm Hg and 0% with the IAD in DBP of > 10 mm Hg. In women, 89.6% of patients had IAD in SBP of ≤ 6 mm Hg, 92.1% with IAD in DBP of ≤ 6 mm Hg, and 0% with IAD in SBP of > 10 mm Hg or IAD in DBP of > 10 mm Hg. Gangneung Asan Hospital clinical series of patients showed that the absolute IAD in SBP had a significant correlation with cardiovascular risk factors such as the 10-year Framingham cardiac risk scores and higher BP in men and higher BP in women. However, the absolute IAD in SBP and DBP had no significant correlation with the age, obesity, smoking, drinking, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and renal function.

Conclusion

Our results showed that there were no significant between-arm differences in simultaneous BP measurements. It was also shown that most of the ambulatory patients without cardiovascular diseases had an IAD in SBP of < 10 mm Hg and an IAD in DBP of < 6 mm Hg.

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Recent Update in Adult Immunization.: Sunmi Yoo; Korean J Fam Med 2010;31(5):345-354. Published online May 20, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2010.31.5.345

Abstract
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Immunization is the most effective and cost-beneficial means to prevent infectious diseases in adults as well as in children. However, adult immunization has been beyond the center of attention relatively to children's immunization in Korea. Since the Korean Academy of Family Medicine had published "Vaccination for Adults" in 1994, a recent update was done in this field by the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Korean Society of Infectious Diseases. This paper reviews standard immunization for healthy persons and supplementary immunization for persons with underlying diseases based on those recent recommendations. General information, indications, dosage, route of administration, efficacy and safety were reviewed for vaccination of influenza, pneumococcal infection, tetanus, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, human papilloma virus, varicella and measles/mumps/rubella.

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Ji Eun Lee, Dong Wook Shin, Hyejin Lee, Ki Young Son, Warrick Junsuk Kim, Yun-Suhk Suh, Seong-Ho Kong, Hyuk Joon Lee, Belong Cho, Han-Kwang Yang
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The Role of C-reactive Protein as a Inflammation-related Factor in Metabolic Syndrome.: Jeon Su Park, Yun Jin Kim, Jeong Gyu Lee, Young Joo Kim, Sangyeoup Lee, Hong Gi Min, Byung Mann Cho; Korean J Fam Med 2009;30(6):449-456. Published online June 20, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2009.30.6.449

Abstract
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Background
The metabolic syndrome has been known as the cluster of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and abdominal obesity. There have been many studies about the infl ammatory role in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases, also. We aimed to elucidate the role of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) as a infl ammation-related factor in metabolic syndrome in Korean adults by correlation and factor analysis. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in 1,512 men and 1,836 women (over 20 years old) who had an examination at a center for health promotion of an university hospital from May 2004 through March 2005. The NCEP-ATP III definition and Asian-Pacific adjusted criteria were used to obtain the metabolic syndrome group. And we evaluated the role and gender difference of hs-CRP in metabolic syndrome by correlation and factor analysis.Results: In women, hs-CRP was statistically correlated with most metabolic variables, especially insulin resistance. In factor analysis, 3 factors (obesity, blood pressure, and insulin resistance) were obtained in men and 4 factors (obesity, blood pressure, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia) in women, respectively. In women, hs-CRP was a part of dyslipidemia factor.Conclusion: In factor anaylsis of metabolic syndrome factors with hs-CRP, hs-CRP was not a signifi cant factor in men, but was included as a part of dyslipidemia factor in women.

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Seung-Uoo Shin, Dong-Hwan Kim, Hyun-Taeg Shin, Dal-Seok Oh
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The Usefulness of Maximal Step Length to Predict Annual Fall Risk.: Yong Chol Kwon, Seok Joong Kim, Hwa Jung Kim, Jinho Park, Jin Young Choi, Be Long Cho; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2008;29(1):26-33. Published online January 10, 2008

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Clinical Availability of Maximal Step Length.: Seung Joo Lee, Jae Won Shin, In Sik Kong, Sang Hoo Yoo, Jung Un Lee, BeLong Cho; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007;28(4):263-270. Published online April 10, 2007

Abstract
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Background
Many clinical measures have been used to assess fall risk in elderly adults. The purpose of this study was to assess the interrelationship of maximal step length (MSL) measurement as protective strategies and risk factors of falls. Methods: The study population consisted of 149 community-dwelling people (≥60 yrs). Demographic data, depression degree (GDS-short form), fatigue degree (revised Chalder's fatigue scale) were reviewed by self-recorded questionnaire. K-MMSE, MSL, US and TUG were done when they visited our clinic. We examined whether MSL was correlated with the six leg-directions and was related to other measures to evaluate fall risk. To examine the association between MSL and other variables, we analyzed data by T-test, ANOVA and multiple regressions. Results: The MSL_mean correlated highly with each leg- direction MSL (correlation coefficient, r=0.771∼0.941, P＜0.01), US (r=0.392, P＜0.01) and TUG (r=⁣0.608, P＜0.01). The MSL_mean/L (MSLmean, leg length adjusted) correlated strongly with frequent fall (P=0.005). Also, the MSL_mean/L had a tendency to be low in the elderly, females, in those with regular exercise, widowed or divorced, DM, stroke, dementia suspicion, inclination toward depression, arthritis and frequent falls, but higher score on fatigue groups. Age (P＜.001), sex (P=0.001), DM (P＜.001), frequent falls (P= 0.017), dementia suspicion (P=0.016), and arthritis (P= 0.024) variables were related with MSL_mean/L when we examined these variables by multiple regression analysis. Conclusion: MSL was correlated highly with other functional performance test and DM, age, sex, frequent fall, dementia suspicion, and arthritis variables for fall risk. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007;28:263-270)

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Adult Onset Still's Disease.: Dong Hwan Lee, Jeung Woong Park, Ji Won Hyun, Dae Hyun Kim, Young Sung Suh; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007;28(3):210-213. Published online March 10, 2007

Abstract
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Adult onset Still's disease (AOSD) is an uncommon acute systemic inflammatory disease of unknown origin. The clinical features include high spiking fever, arthralgia or arthritis, transient maculopapular rash, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and serositis. The laboratory findings include leukocytosis(neutrophilia), elevation of AST, ALT, ESR, CRP and serum ferritin, and negative rheumatic factor and anti-nuclear antibody. We report a case of a 52-year old woman whom symptom is subsided after steroid use. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007;28: 210-213)

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Using the Precaution Adoption Process Model to Assess Cancer Screening Behavior among Korean Adults.: Myoung Soon Lee; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2006;27(1):49-58. Published online January 10, 2006

Abstract
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Background
: Cancer screening for early detection of cancer is essential in the reduction of cancer mortality, but it cannot be successful without the general public's active participation in performing the screening tests. The aim of this study was to examine the stage of readiness for cancer screening among Korean adults by using one of the stage theories, the Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM).

Methods : We developed a survey instrument to assess cancer screening behavior by applying the stages of the PAPM. A total of 1,057 adults participated across four municipalities from two metropolitan cities (Incheon and Busan) and two provinces (Kyeonggi-Do and Kyeongsangnam-Do) in Korea. The individuals were classified according to their stage of readiness to perform cancer screening tests regardless of the specific site of cancer.

Results : Overall, 28.6% of the participants surveyed had been screened for cancer in the two years prior to our survey. Among those who had not been screened, some had never heard of or had not thought about cancer screening (28.6%). Others were considering the possibility of performing cancer screening tests (29.8%) or had decided to perform them but had not yet acted (11.6%), while a few had decided not to perform them (1.5%). The most significant factors influencing whether or not cancer screening was performed were family experience with cancer screening, sex, age, marital status, region, and financial resources.

Conclusion : In order to promote cancer screening in the general population, we should make adequate and appropriate interventions (including information, education, financial supports, etc.) to improve individuals' readiness to perform cancer screening.

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Association of Smoking Status and Dietary Pattern -A Data of Male Screeners at a Health Promotion Center-.: Sang Yeon Suh, Su Young Kim, Kyung Hee Cho, Yu Il Kim, Taiwoo Yoo, Bong Ryul Huh; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2005;26(11):686-692. Published online November 10, 2005

Abstract
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Background
: Smoking greatly increases the risk of cancer, cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis. Besides direct harm from smoking, some dietary pattern of smokers have been reported to increase such risk. This study aimed to analyze various nutrients by smoking status, and to find out whether smokers maintain harmful dietary patterns.

Methods : One thousand and six hundred fourteen men were selected who visited the health promotion center of an university hospital in Seoul. The inclusion criteria was the completion of dietary survey. Dietary analysis was done by calculation of amounts of each nutrients from 24-hour recall method. We compared total intake of each nutrients and total calories by smoking status with analysis of variance (ANOVA). Then we adjusted the results for exercise and education level by ANCOVA (analysis of covariance).

Results : The study subjects were 840 current smokers (52.0%), 479 ex-smokers (29.7%) and 295 non-smokers (18.3%). The consumption of total fat and cholesterol was significantly high in smokers than non-smokers (P=0.012, P=0.005). The alcohol intake was higher in smokers and ex-smokers than non-smokers (P＜0.001, P=0.007). The smokers and ex-smokers had less calcium than non-smokers (P=0.001, P=0.044). Furthermore, the smokers exercised less than ex-smokers and non-smokers (P＜0.001).

Conclusion : The smokers consumed more total fat and cholesterol which increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. They also had less calcium and drank more alcohol. Comprehensive approach which includes intervention for dietary intakes in addition to smoking cessation is desirable to decrease health risk for smokers.

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An Aspect of Upper Gastrointestinal Disease among Young Policemen.: Gwan Hyeok Ahn, Sung Mo Baek, Suk Chun Byun, Ju Yub Shin, Ah Ryung Shin; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2005;26(5):263-268. Published online May 10, 2005

Abstract
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Background
: Upper gastrointestinal diseases are relatively important in Korea. There are various studies on upper gastrointestinal diseases, especially relationships with Helicobacter pylori, but studies on young adults are relatively fewer. Therefore, we conducted this study in order to know the prevalence of various upper gastrointestinal diseases and the association with Helicobacter pylori among young policemen.

Methods : Diagnosis and classification of upper gastrointestinal diseases were made in 260 policemen, who visited the outpatient department of family medicine at one general hospital in Seoul from March 2, 2001 to December 31, 2002.

Results : The frequencies of upper gastrointestinal diseases were gastritis (62.2%), duodenal ulcer (14.4%), gastric ulcer (7.5%), duodenitis (6.9%), and no active lesion (9.0%). The frequency of multiple upper gastrointestinal disease was chronic superficial gastritis and duodenal ulcer (37%), chronic superficial gastritis and duodenitis (21.9%), and acute gastritis and duodenal ulcer (16.4%), and these groups comprised the most with 75.3%. The location of the lesion was found at antrum (62.2%) and duodenum (21.6%). Ulcer stages in gastric and duodenal ulcer were mostly in active stage. Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric and duodenal ulcer were 36% and 85.4%, respectively.

Conclusion : Most symptomatic patients had lesions which were found at antrum and duodenum as in other studies. Ulcer diseases in duodenum were much more frequent than those in stomach, which probably be associated with Helicobacter pylori. Therefore, suitable examination and treatment are necessary.

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The Relationship between Waist Circumference/Height Ratio and Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease in Obese Females.: Seok Won Kim, Jae Hyeon Kwon, Jung Geum Yoon, Hyuck Ki Lee, Keun Mi Lee, Seung Pil Jung; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2004;25(10):740-745. Published online October 10, 2004

Abstract
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Background
: In this study we estimated the prevalence of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors according to waist-to- height ratio (W/Ht ratio) in adult obese women to ensure the importance of abdominal obesity and determined the usefulness of W/Ht ratio as a index of abdominal obesity in adult obese women.

Methods : The study subjects were 190 adult obese women who visited an obesity clinic from August, 2001 to January, 2003. They were divided into 4 groups: Group 1; BMI＜30, W/Ht＜0.6, Group 2; BMI＜30, W/Ht≥0.6, Group 3; BMI≥30, W/Ht＜0.6, and Group 4; BMI≥30, W/Ht≥0.6. In each group, we compared the prevalence and odds ratio for CV risk factors.

Results : In obese group, the prevalence of high blood glucose (P＜0.01), hypertriglyceridemia (P＜0.01) were significantly higher in group 2 than group 1. In high obese group, the prevalence of systolic hypertension (P＜0.01), high blood glucose (P＜0.01), hypercholesterolemia (P＜0.01), hypertriglyceridemia (P＜0.05), and high LDL-cholesterol were significantly higher in group 4 than group 3. When odds ratio for each group with reference to group 1 were compared after adjusting for age, high blood glucose (4.48), and hypertriglyceridemia (6.10) in group 2, and systolic hypertension (2.69), high blood glucose (3.02), and hypertriglyceridemia (4.00) in group 4 were significantly higher.

Conclusion : The prevalence of CV risk factors were likely to be increased in higher W/Ht group independently to BMI. W/Ht ratio can be a simple, useful index for abdominal obesity and its related risk factors not only in adult males but also in adult obese women.

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Factors Associated with Distorted Self-perception of Body Weight in Korean Adults.: Chang Sup Kim, Tae Heum Jeong, Moon Chan Kim, Jeong Woon Park; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2004;25(6):462-468. Published online June 10, 2004

Abstract
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Background
: This study was done to examine the relationship between distorted self-perception of body weight and some sociodemographic factors in Korean adults.

Methods : This study was conducted among 14,621 adults (men 10,833, women 3,788), who visited Ulsan University Hospital Health Promotion Center to take a routine health examination. The objective body weight status was classified as underweight, normal, overweight, and obesity by body mass index. We compared the self- perception of body weight with in objective body weight status. We used multiple logistic regression to assess the odds ratio for distorted self-perception of body weight by age, marital status, monthly income, and level of education.

Results : Among the total 72.8% of obese men had a distorted self-perception of being slightly excess, 48% of overweight men considered themselves as just about right, and 39.5% of men with normal body weight as underweight. In women, 36.5% with normal body weight had a distorted self-perception of being slightly excess or very excess. In both men and women who were overweight or obesity, the distorted self-perception of being just about right was increased with higher age and lower education. The odds ratio of distorted self-perception in normal as being slightly excess or very excess was higher in women with higher income and higher education.

Conclusion : In both men and women, many people had a distorted self-perception of Body weight. Some sociodemographic factors were found to be related to the self- perception of body weight.

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Effects of rhGH on Body Composition and Subjective Physical Functions in Adults with Functional Growth Hormone Deficiency.: Duk Chul Lee, Hye Ree Lee, Young Eun Choi, Sun Im Moon; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2004;25(3):244-250. Published online March 10, 2004

Abstract
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Background
: There is a significant amount of evidence to indicate that some of the changes attributed to aging process can be partially reversed by GH replacement. But the GH replacement for somatopause with functional GH deficiency is still controversial. The aim of this study was to explore whether the short term GH replacement improved physical, emotional and sexual function as well as body composition.

Methods : A total of 31 adults with functional growth hormone deficiency were assigned to receive rhGH with an initial daily dose of 1.05 IU, six times a week. For evaluating physical change a 25-item questionnaire was administered to patients at initial visit and 6 months later. Body composition was determined by bioimpedence analysis at initial visit and 6 months later as well. We compared the changes for each variable using Wilcoxon's rank and Friedman's test.

Results : Serum IGF-1 level at 3 and 6 months were increased significantly by 31% and 43%, respectively, compared to baseline (P＜0.0001). Lean body mass and percent body fat at 6 months of treatment showed a 2.2% increase and a 7.6% decrease with statistical significance. The score of the questionnaire at 6 months of treatment increased significantly in physical changes (P＜0.0005), sexual function (P＜0.001), self perception of physical appearances (P＜0.02), chronic fatigue & immunity (P＜0.03), and vitality (P＜0.05).

Conclusion : Adults with functional growth hormone deficiency showed improvements in not only body composition, but also physical function and appearances and sexual function after 6 months of treatment with rhHGH.

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Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor I and Its Relating Factors in Healthy Korean Adults Aged over 40 Years.: Duk Chul Lee, Hye Ree Lee, Young Eun Choi, Sun Im Moon, Eun Sook Oh, Ki Won Oh; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2003;24(1):51-57. Published online January 10, 2003

Abstract
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Background
: There is a clinical need for a reference value based on healthy adults in Korea. The aim of this study was to define IGF-1 concentration in healthy Korean adults and to investigate the factors relative to IGF-1 level.

Methods : By reviewing the medical records of a hospital in Korea, healthy 112 men and 109 women aged over 40 years were studied. We determined the serum IGF-1 levels of both groups according to age, sex, health behaviors, lipid profile, bone mineral density, serum albumin, waist circumference, body mass index, total testosterone, and FSH.

Results : IGF-1 had no sexual difference in any age group (258.7±84.3 ng/mL for men, 263.7±86.8 ng/mL for women), but correlated negatively with age (r=-0.43 and -0.35 for men and women, respectively). The mean decline was 49.6 ng/mL and 43.9 ng/mL per 10 years for men and women, respectively. IGF-1 correlated positively with serum albumin, total cholesterol, and bone mineral density of spine and femur neck. The multiple regression analysis showed that the most powerful factors influencing IGF-1 level was serum albumin (R²; 0.13) followed by age, bone mineral density of femur neck, and total cholesterol.

Conclusion : We present a reference value for IGF-1 in healthy Korean adults aged over 40 years. The most powerful factor influencing IGF-1 level was serum albumin.

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The Causes and Symptoms of Chest Pain among Young Policemen.: Young Kyo Choi, Sung Mo Baek, Yong In Son, Dong Hoon Shin; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2002;23(11):1369-1376. Published online November 10, 2002

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Determinants of Self-assessed Health among Elderly Adults.: Hae Jung Lee, You Ji Chung, Hee Jin Kim, Heuy Sun Suh, Hong Soo Lee, Kyung Won Shim, Sang Hwa Lee, Choo Yon Cho; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2002;23(10):1210-1218. Published online October 10, 2002

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The Predictors of Growth Hormone Secretion after L-dopa Stimulation Test in Adults.: Duk Chul Lee, Hye Ree Lee, Ki Won Oh, Eun Sook Oh, Young Eun Choi, Sun Im Moon; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2002;23(9):1114-1123. Published online September 10, 2002

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Assessment of GH Status with 24-Hour Urinary Growth Hormone Excretion in Peri- and Postmenopausal Women.: Duk Chul Lee, Hye Ree Lee, Ki Won Oh; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2002;23(8):1016-1023. Published online August 10, 2002

Abstract
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Background
: Pharmacological stress tests for the diagnosis of GH deficiency are unpleasant, labor intensive and potentially dangerous. Reports on urinary GH measurement for the assessment of GH have been published after highly sensitive immunoassaies were developed. The aim of this study was to determine whether a 24- hour urine GH as an alternative method for GH assessment were reliable in predicting GH deficiency defined by L-dopa stimulation test.

Methods : Thirty women, ages 45 to 67, were studied. L-dopa stimulation tests were performed with an ingestion of 500 mg of L-dopa. Serum GH and IGF-1 were measured by a radioimmunoassay using commercially available reagents and uGH was estimated from the 24-hour urine. Then, the mean and its distribution of uGH values were compared according to the GH status defined by L-dopa stimulation test.

Results : The correlation between the uGH and the peak values after L-dopa stimulation test was significant (r=0.46; P＜0.01). The mean value of uGH in the GH deficiency group was significantly lower than that of the normal group (P＜0.05). But because of the broad overlap of uGH in the two groups uGH showed no good separation GH deficiency from normal group although uGH reflects GH status significantly.

Conclusion : uGH reflects GH status significantly, but because of broad overalp uGH couldn't separate GH deficiency form normal group defined by L-dopa stimulation test.

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Factors associated low HDL cholesterol in adults.: Moon Sung Suh, Hong Gyu Lee, Young Suk Yoon, Sung Sunwoo, Hye Soon Park; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2001;22(8):1214-1223. Published online August 1, 2001

Abstract
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Background
: Coronary artery disease are increasing in recent years among Korean due to change of dietary pattern. We conducted a cross-sectional study to analyze various factors for low HDL-cholesterol knowns as a independent fisk factor for coronary artery disease.

Methods : At the health care center of Asan Medical Center in 1999, 7259 people without cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, hyperlipidemia were selected. They were exmined wight, health blood pressure. Other data was drawn from questionnaire, blood chemistry. SPSS(version 7.5) was used for analysis of this data.

Results : 1) The means of HDL, cholesterol level was higher in women than men. 2) The means of HDL cholesterol of men was lower in subgroup of age below 45 years-old, obesity, lower total cholesterol(< 240 mg/dL), higher triglyceride (≥ 200 mg/dL) than others. By multiple logistic analysis, obesity, triglyceride, current smoking, moderate alcohol drinking were significant factors associated with low HDL, cholesterol ( < 42 mg/dL, 25 percentile of study paricipants).

Conclusion : These resluts suggest that obesity, high triglyceride. current smoking are indepen-dent risk factors and moderate alcoholic drinking is negative risk factor of low HDL-cholesterol in this study participants.

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Differences in tumor markers and rheumatoid factors between elderly and young adults.: Jung Lim, Chang Won Won, Sue Youn Kwon, Shin Hyung Park, Byung Sung Kim, Hyun Rim Choi; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2001;22(3):336-344. Published online March 1, 2001

Abstract
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Background
: The elderly is known to have many different clinical laboratory data compared with the young adults. There have been rare studies comparing tumor markers and rheumatoid factors between young adults and the elderly in Korea. This study was conducted to evaluate the differences in tumor markers and rheumatoid factor between elderly and young adults.

Methods : We gathered 94 healthy elderly cases and 91 healthy young adults who have taken periodic health examination from November 1996 to February 1997 at one hospital. We compared the mean of rheumatoid factor and tumor markers between two groups and took multiple regression analysis.

Results : In the elderly, the mean of CEA and AFP are significantly higher than young adults. The number of abnormally elevated rheumatoid factor is significantly higher in elderly group, but in case of CEA the number of abnormal data is not significantly different. The CEA level is significantly high in smoker group than non-smoker group. The factors that increase the CEA level are old age, smoking amount, albumin level. The factors that increase the AFP level are old age, hemoglobin level. The factor that increase the rheumatoid factor is old age only.
Conciusions: When we interpret the level of tumor markers and rheumatoid factor, we must consider the patient's age. Aging is a factor that is associated with CEA, AFP, rheumatoid factor.

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The association between dietary fat and body fat in obese adults.: Ka Young Lee, Ki Jung Kim; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2001;22(1):87-95. Published online January 1, 2001

Abstract
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Background
: There are different opinions on whether the percentage of dietary fat is associated with the development of obesity and on it's treatment. In this country, dietary fat intake has been smaller compared to the Western countries. The purpose of this study was to find whether intake of dietary fat is related to percentage body fat in obese adults cross-sectionally.

Methods : Nutrient intake form 24-hour dietary recall and percent body fat from bioelectrical impedance method were measured in 51 obese adults. Total energy intake was associated with intake of dietary fat and body size. Thus, the association of intake of dietary fat and three types of fat with percentage body fat were examined after adjustment for total energy intake by using 4 statistical models (standard multivariate model, and nutrient residual model, energy-partition model, and multivariate nutrient density model).

Results : In all of these models, the results for types of fat and total fat showed similar results. Higher intake of total fat, saturated and polyunsaturated fat was associated with increased percentage body fat, while higher intake of monounsaturated fat was associated with decreased percentage body fat.

Conclusion : We found positive association between dietary intake of fat and percentage body fat in obese adults. Our results suggest that reducing fat intake would be a helpful way to prevent and treat obesity in adults.

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Smoking patterns and factors associated with smoking in Korean adult women.: Seung Ju Hwang, Sang Woo Ou, Soon Nam Kim, Hwan Sik Hwang, Be Long Cho, Bong Yul Huh; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2000;21(3):344-356. Published online March 1, 2000

Abstract
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Background
: Women smoker faces increased risk for heart disease, stroke, cancers, and respiratory diseases as well as a number of gender specific risks. Maternal smoking has been linked to harmful effects on their offspring such as increased incidence of premature, stillbirth and sudden infant death syndrome, etc. Recently, the rate of female adolescent smoking in Korea is increasing, and the rate of adult woman has expected to increase. This study is aimed at obtaining basic information about smoking patterns and factors associated with smoking in Korean adult women.

Methods : From May 1995 to April 1999, a self-administered questionnaire was distributed to the female visitors of Health Promotion Center in Seoul National university hospital. The number of smokes was 492. The control group(984 nonsmokers) was selected by 1:2 age group matched random sampling. Smokers and control group were divided into three age group-young age(20-39 years), middle age(40-59 years), old age(60 years and over) - and analyzed the results using SPSS and EpiInfo software.

Results : The most frequent amount of cigarette smoking was below 10 cigarettes in all age groups. The duration of smoking was below 10 years in most young and middle age groups. In the old age group the duration of smoking was longer than others. Variables positively associated with smoking included alcohol drinking, being engaged in trade service, being unmarried or divorced or separated or parted for ever, high stress status, dissatisfation of life in young age group. The variable of no exercise was added to them in middle age group. In old age group alcohol drinking, no exercise, no school education were the positive meaningful factors associated with smoking in multivariant logistic regression analysis.

Conclusion : The modifiable variables associated with smoking in Korean adult women include alcohol drinking, high stress status, dissatisfaction of life and no exercise.

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Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus markers among adult in a Youngdong area of Kwangwon Province.: Mi Kyeong Oh, Jong Sung Kim, Yong Bin Lee, Joo Hyun Han; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2000;21(1):91-99. Published online January 1, 2000

Abstract
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Background
: Hepatitis B is a leading cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocelluar carcinoma. It is a well-known fact that Korea is one of the hyperendemic areas of Hepatitis B virus among East Asian countries. Many pnst reports have shown that positive rate of HBsAg in Korea was about 6-14%. But precise data for Yongdong area of Kwangwon Province in Korea was lacking. Here authors report on the prevalence of viral markers of hepatitis B among adults in this area.

Methods : Sera were collected from 7469 residents in Yongdong area of Kwangwon Province who visited the Health Care Center, Asan Kangnung Hospital from September 11th to August 31th. HBsAg, AntiHBc-lgG, and AntiHBs were tested by radioimmunoassay.

Results : Positive rate of HSsAg of total study subjects was 8.5%, and significantly decreased as age increased, and higher in males(10.2%) than in females (6.6%). Positive rate for one or more markers among HBsAg, AntiHBc-lgG, and AntiHBs was 84%, and was significantly increased as age increased, and higher in males(86.2%) than in females(81.2%). All negative rate for HBsAg, AntiHBc-lgG, and AntiHBs was 16.0% and all positive rate was 0.5%. Positive rate of AntiHBc-lgG without HBsAg and AntiHBs was 15.7% Positive rate of AntiHBs without HBsAg and AntiHBc-lgG was 11.7%. Positive rate of AntihHBc-lgG and AntiHBs was 72.1% and 60.2%, respectively.

Conclusion : There was no significant difference in positive rate of HBsAg between this study for residents in Yongdong area of Kwangwon Province and past many reports. 84% of the total study subjects showed serological evidence of previous exposure to hepatitis B virus (HBV) naturally exposed or by vaccine immunization. 16% of the total study subjects was a proper candidate for hepatitis B vaccination.

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The influence of exercise to cardiovascular risk factors The in healthy adults.: Mee Sook Cheon, Gong Mee Sa, Seock Hwan Lee; J Korean Acad Fam Med 1999;20(2):139-146. Published online February 1, 1999

Abstract
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Background
: Diseases related with cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, hyperlipidemia and cerebrovascular disease are increasing according to the change of dietary patterns with economy growth and other causes such as low physical activity. Many studies showed the effects and benefits of exercise in people who had diseases related to cardiovascular risk factors, but there are few studies on the effects of exercise in healthy people. Therefore this study investigated the influence of exercise on cardiovascular risk factors in healthy adults.

Methods : 2,413 people who participated in periodic health examinations at Taegu medical center from May to July, in 1998 were assessed with respect to height, weight, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, serum total cholesterol and subjects responded to the self-administered questionnaires. We reviewed 881 subjects. Subjects were classified as exercise group if they reported exercising for at least 30 minutes, 5 or more days of the week, and as control group if they reported exercising once a week or less. We observed the difference in Body Mass Index(BMI), fasting blood glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum total cholesterol and the prevalence of overweight, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia between study groups.

Results : There were no differences in sex, age, education, economic status, occupation between the study groups. Serum total cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and BMI were significantly lower for the exercise group. The prevalence of overweight, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia were significantly lower for the exercise group. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus was lower for the exercise group, but was not statistically significant.

Conclusion : In healthy peoples, they who were regularly exercised were significantly lowered in cardiovascular risk factors and diseases related with cardiovascular risk factors than non-exercising peoples. It is considered that regular exercise may be reducing cardiovascular risk factors and may be effective in prevention of cardiovascular risk related diseases.

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Cognition and performance rate for adult immunization among urban general population.: Seon Ho Ko, Yu Mi Song, Jai Jun Byeon; J Korean Acad Fam Med 1998;19(10):870-880. Published online October 1, 1998

Abstract
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Background
: Although adult immunization is as important as childhood immunization, is being inadequately performed. However, previous studies concerning adult immunization could not be sufficiently evaluated because studies were restricted to the residents in rural area or those who have visited a doctor.

Methods : We conducted a study by telephone interview which included 201 households(375 adult family members)selected by systematic sampling from the yellow pages of Kangnam-gu and Sungbuk-gu districts of Seoul. The types of immunization covered in this study were immunizations against hepatitis B, influenza, pneumococcus, and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS). Immunization status of all adult household members, cognition of the need for immunization and of interviewees were surveyed. Sex, age, area of residency, education, medical history of study subjects were considered as factors related to the cognition of the need for immunization and immunization performance.

Results : The cognition rates of immunization were as follows : hepatitis B 85.1%, influenza 45.8%, pneumonia 38.3%, and HFRS 33.8%. In the people over 65 years old, the cognition rate against influenza and pneumococcus were 6.25%, 6.25% respectively and for those who have chronic disease. 80.0%, 20.0%, respectively. The cognition rates of immunization was significantly higher among those subjects who were young, well educated, and those residing in Kangnam-gu district.
The immunization performance rate of hepatitis B was 62.5%, influenza 5.6%, pneumonia 0.8%, and HFRS 1.1%. 75.8% of subjects vaccinated against hepatitis B had received at least three times. The immunization performance rate of influenza and pneumococcus by the immunization indication are as follows : 8.0%, 0.0%, respectively in the subjects over 65 years old, and 11.1%, 0.0% respectively in the people who have chronic diseases. The immunization performance rate of hepatitis B was higher among young, well educated subjects living in Kangnam-gu district. But age, education, area of residency played no apparent role in the case of other types of immunization.
The immunization performance rate of those who felt the need for immunization as significantly higher than that of those who did not. To assess the factors which relate to the correct cognition for immunization necessity, we used a multiple logistic regression test. For all types of immunization surveyed, sex(females) and age(young) seemed to be significantly related to the correct necessity cognition. Medical history of chronic disease was also related to the correct necessity cognition for immunization against hepatitis B and influenza.

Conclusion : This study reveals that among living in urban area the immunization performance rate and the correct cognition rate concerning the necessity for adult immunization was generally very low. Therefore, an active publicity and public education will be needed to increase the level of correct necessity cognition for immunization in which the disease status, sex, and age of vaccinee are considered. And more active effort to increase the cognition for immunization necessity performance is required.

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Relationship of Family Function and cellular Immunity in Healthy Adult Males.: Young Mee Lee, Yoon Seen Choi, Soo Young Yoon, Kap No Lee, Hey Kyung Park, Myung Ho Hong; J Korean Acad Fam Med 1998;19(2):177-190. Published online February 1, 1998

Abstract
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Background
: The immune system is controlled by a complex network of regulatory mechanisms which include neurologic and psychological factors. Previous studies of psychopathological population and population challenged by significant life events have shown that high levels of anxiety and depression are associated with impaired cellular immunity. However, less is known about the psychoimmunological relevance of family function with the immune function in healthy population. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence and direction of relationship between family function and cellular immunity.

Methods : Design : Cross sectional, observational study. Participants : 41 healthy adult males from a family medicine ambulatory care unit in a tertiary hospital completed a series of psychometric instruments that include the Family APGAR(Adaptation, Partnership, Growth, Affection, and Resolve), FACES III. In parallel, lymphocyte subset assay, lymphocyte proliferative responses to the mitogen concanavalin(ConA), interleukin 1-beta, interleukin-2 was analysed to assess cell-mediated immune function.

Results : Family adaptability was inversely correlated with total T cell, B cell counts, helper T cell(T₄) and lymphocyte proliferative response to low dose mitogen Con A(p<0.05). Family cohesion was inversely correlated with suppressor T cell(T8)(p<0.05). In the lymphocyte proliferative response to low dose Con A stimulation, the extreme family showed the highest response compared to midrange and healthy family(p<0.05). Relative to moderately dysfucntional family, severe dysfucntional family and healthy family had significantly higher lymphocyte proliferative responses to the high dose Con A(p<0.05).

Conclusion : We suggest that family function could be related with immune function and it may impact on health and susceptibility to illness in healthy adult males. Further studies are required to elucidate the direction of relationship of family function and cellular immunity and the psychosocial mechanisms involved in the immune system.