Background
BMI alone may not serve as an index of obesity because it does not reflect body composition. The present study aimed to compare arterial stiffness as assessed by the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV) among groups defined by body fat percentage (pBF) and BMI.
Methods
This cross-sectional study was based on 1,700 participants (1,044 men and 656 women) who completed a health screening examination at a national hospital between January 2011 and February 2016. Participants were divided into four groups according to BMI and pBF: normal fat and normal weight (NFNW); excessive fat and normal weight (EFNW); normal fat and obese (NFO); and excessive fat and obese (EFO). The ba-PWV and other cardiometabolic factors were compared among the four groups in men and women separately.
Results
For both sexes, the NFNW group had a lower metabolic risk compared to that in the other groups (EFNW, NFO, and EFO). After adjusting for multiple variables, the NFO males had a significantly lower ba-PWV compared to those in the other groups, including NFNW males. The NFO group had significantly more skeletal muscle mass and muscle mass compared the other groups (P<0.05). Among women, the NFNW group had a significantly lower ba-PWV compared the other groups, even after adjusting for multiple variables.
Conclusion
Lower pBF in obese men may be associated with improved cardiovascular risk.

Citations

• Improved fatty acid profile reduces body fat and arterial stiffness in obese adolescents upon combinatorial intervention with exercise and dietary restriction
  Lei Xu, Xiaoyu Zou, Zhiqiang Gao, Caifeng Mao, Hang Su, Chunyan Li, Ning Chen
  Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness.2021; 19(4): 234.     CrossRef
• Borderline-High Mean Corpuscular Volume Levels Are Associated with Arterial Stiffness among the Apparently Healthy Korean Individuals
  Haneul Kwon, Byoungjin Park
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2020; 41(6): 387.     CrossRef

Citations

• Effects of Whole-Body Vibration Training on Body Composition, Cardiometabolic Risk, and Strength in the Population Who Are Overweight and Obese: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis
  Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias, Luis Manuel Martínez-Aranda, Luis Andreu-Caravaca, Gema Sanz, Pedro J. Benito, Domingo J. Ramos-Campo
  Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.2021; 102(12): 2442.     CrossRef
• Towards reporting guidelines of research using whole-body vibration as training or treatment regimen in human subjects—A Delphi consensus study
  Anika Wuestefeld, Anselm B. M. Fuermaier, Mario Bernardo-Filho, Danúbia da Cunha de Sá-Caputo, Jörn Rittweger, Eckhard Schoenau, Christina Stark, Pedro J. Marin, Adérito Seixas, Stefan Judex, Redha Taiar, Csaba Nyakas, Eddy A. van der Zee, Marieke J. G. v
  PLOS ONE.2020; 15(7): e0235905.     CrossRef
• WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION TRAINING PROTOCOLS IN OBESE INDIVIDUALS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
  Fábio Antônio Tenório de Melo, Gislane Ferreira de Melo, Severino Leão de Albuquerque Neto, Rogério Wagner da Silva, Nanci Maria de França, Amanda Alves da Silva, Carlos Ernesto Santos Ferreira
  Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte.2019; 25(6): 527.     CrossRef
• Whole-body vibration training in obese subjects: A systematic review
  Matteo Zago, Paolo Capodaglio, Cristina Ferrario, Marco Tarabini, Manuela Galli, Slavko Rogan
  PLOS ONE.2018; 13(9): e0202866.     CrossRef
• Do 6 months of whole-body vibration training improve lean mass and bone mass acquisition of adolescent swimmers?
  A. Gómez-Bruton, A. González-Agüero, A. Matute-Llorente, C. Julián, G. Lozano-Berges, A. Gómez-Cabello, J. A. Casajús, G. Vicente-Rodríguez
  Archives of Osteoporosis.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The effect of whole-body vibration training on lean mass in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias, Elena Marín-Cascales, Domingo J. Ramos-Campo, Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez, Linda H. Chung, Pedro E. Alcaraz
  Menopause.2017; 24(2): 225.     CrossRef
• Energy expenditure and substrate utilization during whole body vibration
  Ravena Santos Raulino, Fernanda Meira de Aguiar, Núbia Carelli Pereira de Avelar, Isabela Gomes Costa, Jacqueline da Silva Soares, Ana Cristina Rodrigues Lacerda
  Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte.2015; 21(2): 122.     CrossRef
• Effects of small-volume soccer and vibration training on body composition, aerobic fitness, and muscular PCr kinetics for inactive women aged 20–45
  Luke J. Connolly, Suzanne Scott, Magni Mohr, Giorgos Ermidis, Ross Julian, Jens Bangsbo, Sarah R. Jackman, Joanna L. Bowtell, Rosemary C. Davies, Susan J. Hopkins, Richard Seymour, Karen M. Knapp, Peter Krustrup, Jonathan Fulford
  Journal of Sport and Health Science.2014; 3(4): 284.     CrossRef
• The Effect on Improvement of Muscle Strength Imbalance According to Load Deviation Protocol of Whole Body Vibration Exercise
  Shin Bae Seo, Seung Rok Kang, Chang Ho Yu, Jin Young Min, Tae Kyu Kwon
  Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2013; 30(10): 1095.     CrossRef
• Whole body vibration training improves leg blood flow and adiposity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
  Borja Sañudo, Rosa Alfonso-Rosa, Borja del Pozo-Cruz, Jesus del Pozo-Cruz, Delfín Galiano, Arturo Figueroa
  European Journal of Applied Physiology.2013; 113(9): 2245.     CrossRef

Background
Whole body vibration exercise is currently being researched for potential therapeutic and exercise performance benefits. Little is known about the physiological effects of whole body vibration on humans. The aim of this study is that to examine the effects of whole body vibration on body weight and body compositions. Methods:One hundred twelve healthy college students were separated into two groups, one was whole body vibration exercise group, the other control group. The exercise program was more than 10 minutes of whole body vibration exercise and the frequency was more than 3 times per week during three months. Body weight and body composition were checked at the beginning and the end point of this study. Results: Total 91 students finished this study (56 males, 35 females). No significant difference was found in body weight, body mass index, muscle mass, fat mass, body fat ratio, visceral fat area between study and control groups. In female, slight increase were found in body weight (exercise vs.control; 1.1 ± 1.1 kg vs. 0.3 ± 1.9 kg, P = 0.03), body mass index (0.5 ± 0.4 kg/m², 0.0 ± 0.5 kg/m², P = 0.002), fat mass (0.8 ± 0.9 kg, -0.3 ± 1.4 kg, P = 0.008), and fat ratio (1.0 ± 1.5%, -0.6 ± 2.4%, P = 0.03) in study group compared with control group, although whether these increase are clinically significant or not. The increase mainly occurred in normal body mass index group in female study group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Theresults of this study suggest that whole body vibration exercise has no significant effect on reducing body weight and fat mass, visceral fat area and on increasing muscle mass.

Citations

• Alterations of Body Composition, Blood Morphology and Fibrinogen Concentration after Vibration Therapy in Older Adult Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial
  Anna Kabata-Piżuch, Agnieszka Suder, Paulina Handzlik-Waszkiewicz, Aneta Teległów, Anna Marchewka
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(20): 6620.     CrossRef
• Effects of whole‐body vibration training on calf muscle function during maximal isometric voluntary contractions
  Jacobo Á. Rubio‐Arias, Domingo Jesús Ramos‐Campo, Pedro E. Alcaraz, José Fernando Jiménez Díaz, Anthony J. Blazevich
  Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports.2021; 31(6): 1268.     CrossRef
• WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION TRAINING PROTOCOLS IN OBESE INDIVIDUALS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
  Fábio Antônio Tenório de Melo, Gislane Ferreira de Melo, Severino Leão de Albuquerque Neto, Rogério Wagner da Silva, Nanci Maria de França, Amanda Alves da Silva, Carlos Ernesto Santos Ferreira
  Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte.2019; 25(6): 527.     CrossRef
• Effect of 12 Weeks of Whole-Body Vibration Versus Multi-Component Training in Post-Menopausal Women
  Elena Marín-Cascales, Jacobo A. Rubio-Arias, Salvador Romero-Arenas, Pedro E. Alcaraz
  Rejuvenation Research.2015; 18(6): 508.     CrossRef
• A Study of Body Composition, Dietary Behavior, and Exercise among Students at Women's Colleges
  Ji-Yon Eom, Duk-Yoo Jung
  Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2012; 26(1): 28.     CrossRef
• Whole Body Vibration Effects on Body Composition in the Postmenopausal Korean Obese Women: Pilot Study
  Go-Eun Song, Kwangmin Kim, Duck-Joo Lee, Nam-Seok Joo
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2011; 32(7): 399.     CrossRef
• Medical Literature and Media
  Soo Young Kim
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2009; 30(3): 221.     CrossRef

Background
: Increased abdominal obesity is clearly associated with metabolic diseases and associated with increased risk for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. But the mechanisms underlying these associations are not completely understood. The aim of this study was to correlate the regional body composition with pulse wave velocity in the overweight and obese women.

Methods : We investigated 104 overweight and obese participants. Regional body composition was distinguished by anthropometry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and computed tomography (CT). For estimates of arterial stiffness, we measured brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). Fasting blood glucose, lipid parameters, CRP, and free fatty acid were measured. Pearson's correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were conducted to identify the relationship between baPWV and regional body composition.

Results : Average age, fasting blood sugar, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, HOMA-IR, abdominal visceral fat area measured by CT, visceral fat area/ subcutaneous fat area (VSR), and visceral fat area/midthigh muscle area (VMR) were all significantly higher in the visceral obesity group than the subcutaneous obesity group. BaPWV was positively correlated with age, blood pressure, triglyceride, waist circumference, waist hip ratio, abdominal visceral fat area measured by CT, and VSR and inversely correlated with thigh subcutaneous fat area. In multiple regression models, after adjustment for confounding factors, baPWV was independently correlated with abdominal visceral fat area measured by CT (R²=0.560, P=0.006).

Conclusion : Abdominal visceral fat area measured by CT was the only measurement positively associated with baPWV which explains the relationship of regional body composition and arterial stiffness.

Background
: Recently, body composition analyzer has been used widely clinically. Various indirectly measured values of body are calculated without direct measuring. The abdominal circumference that is presented by such instrument may be used for diagnosing abdominal obesity, but the reliable evidence of the accuracy and the validity may be not be enough for application to general population. For this reason, the author investigated the usefulness of automatically produced abdominal circumference for diagnosing abdominal obesity.

Methods : The medical records of 5,555 outpatients who had undergone body composition analysis in a tertiary hospital was collected. The usefulness of the automatically presented abdominal circumference for diagnosing abdominal obesity among general population was investigated.

Results : There was a significant positive correlation between abdominal circumference measured by body composition analyzer and measuring tape in the normal, the overweight, and the obese groups of both gender. But, the results were the same only in females in the underweight group. The most significant difference between the two values were 4.8±5.0 cm in normal male group and -5.7±5.5 cm in female obese group. The difference of the male obese group was lesser than that of the overweight, the normal and the underweight groups. The difference of the male overweight group was lesser than that of the normal group. The difference of the female obese group was lesser than that of the overweight, the normal and the underweight groups. The sensitivity and specificity to detect abdominal obese person among the total subjects was 76.3% and 79.1%, respectively. The specificity was higher in all male and the normal female groups, wheras the sensitivity was higher in the obese and the overweight female groups.

Conclusion : Physicians should confirm the accuracy of abdominal circumference, especially in normal males and obese female group, although the automatically presented value is convenient and reflects the manually measured one very well which is useful to diagnose abdominal obesity.

Background
: This study was aimed to quantify the relationship between the bone mineral density and the body composition in Korean postmenopausal women.

Methods : Whole and regional body composition and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured with DEXA in 149 postmenopausal women. Data were analysed using ANOVA test, Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression.

Results : The mean age was 53.4±6.9 years, the mean years since menopause(YSM) was 5.4±6.7 years, the mean height was 154.5±4.9 cm and the mean weight was 56.8±7.4 kg. They were classified under non-osteoporosis (n=40), osteopenia (n=66) or osteoporosis (n=43) group. There were significant differences in age, YSM, height, total lean body mass, bone mineral content (BMC), regional lean body mass of leg and trunk and regional BMD among the three groups (P＜0.05). In contrast, weight, BMI, total fat mass and body fat percentage were not significantly different among the three groups. The BMD of total body, lumbar spine and proximal femur had a negative correlation with age and YSM but positive correlation with height, weight, total lean body mass (P＜0.05). From multiple linear models, age, total lean body mass, total fat mass and YSM were found to be the best predictor of total BMD (R²=0.460, P＜0.05) and age and total lean body mass were found to be the best predictor of BMD of lumbar spine (R²=0.223, P＜0.001) and proximal femur (R²=0.351, P＜0.001).

Conclusion : From these results it is suggested that lean body mass is the major determinant of BMD at total, lumbar spine and proximal femur in postmenopausal women.

Background
: A reasonable weight reduction method is to reduce fat-body mass while preserving fat-free mass. Recently, many people in Korea have been trying reckless diet therapy for weight reduction by means of low calory and protein diets, which gave rise to many side effects consequently. For reasonable weight reduction, this study was undertaken to investigate the significant dietary factors that change body composition during short-term low calory diet.

Methods : Twenty six healthy obese women aged 23∼37 years, whose BMI was greater than 24, volunteered for the 6 week diet therapy from January to April in 2003. All subjects were instructed to eat approximately 1,200 kcal/day and keep a dietary diary. In the beginning the 3rd week and the 6th week of the study, subjects' body weight were measured and fat body weight were measured by BIA. In the 6th week, the analysis of the dietary diary was conducted.

Results : There was a significant positive correlation between the protein intake per ideal body weight in the first 3 weeks and the fat-free mass increase in the latter 3 weeks (P＜0.05). At the same time, the fat intake in the first 3 weeks had positive correlation with the fat-free mass in the latter 3 weeks, also (P＜0.05). But, we could not find any significant values that had effect on the fat-free mass increase in multiple regression analysis.

Conclusion : The protein intake in the first 3 weeks helped to preserve the fat-free mass in the latter 3 weeks, and had positive effects.

Background
: There are very few studies on change in body composition after smoking cessation. The purpose of our study was to assess the change in body composition as well as body weight after smoking cessation in men.

Methods : The subjects were 203 men who had received health examination from May in 2000 to April in 2001 on their first visit, and then from May in 2001 to May in 2002 on their second visit, at the department of family medicine of a university hospital. They were divided into groups of non-smokers, current smokers, and former smokers by smoking status. Their past medical history, obesity indexes, smoking status, physical activity, and nutrition intake were reviewed. Body composition of the study subjects was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis.

Results : After adjustment for age, nutrition intake, and physical activity as confounding factors, former smokers' body weight was significantly increased by 1.8±0.4 kg on second visit compared to non-smokers and current smokers. There was a significant difference in body muscle change between first and second visit, but not in body fat change among former smokers. Former smokers' body fat and muscle were significantly increased by 0.9±0.3 kg and 0.8±0.4 kg, respectively, compared to non-smokers. Former smokers' waist circumference was significantly increased by 2.5±0.7 cm on second visit compared with non-smokers and current smokers.

Conclusion : In former smokers, body weight was increased by 1.8 kg after smoking cessation, which was attributed to increase of body muscle as well as body fat. Compared with non-smokers, former smokers' body muscle and fat were significantly increased on second visit.

Background
: Although lack of exercise is well known to be a risk factor of osteoporosis, it is unclear whether weight-bearing exercise has different effects on bone mineral density compared to non weight-bearing exercise, and the amount of exercise needed to prevent osteoporosis is not clearly defined. This study was performed to clarify the relations between the type and the amount of exercise with BMD.

Methods : This was a cross-sectional study of 3,661 women who had undertaken health screening including BMD measurement at Health Promotion Center of SNUH between May 1997 and March 1999. Information on sociodemographic characteristics, menarche, childbirth andexercise were gathered by means of self-reported questionnaire, and BMD was measured using DEXA.

Results : The number of women with lumbar osteoporosis were 601 (16.4%) and femoral neck osteoporosis 372 (10.2%). Lumbar osteoporosis occurred more frequently with increasing age and age at menarche, and in menopausal women, but less frequently with increasing fat-free mass in multiple logistic regression analysis. When adjusted for age, age at menarche, menopause and fat-free mass, lumbar osteoporosis was less common in women who exercised, but the type and the amount of exercise had no bearing. Especially, lumbar osteoporosis was least common in women engaging in moderate amount of exercise. Femoral neck osteoporosis decreased significantly only in weight-bearing exercise group and in women engaging in high amount of exercise.

Conclusion : The results of this study suggest that lumbar osteoporosis can be prevented through exercise regardless of its type and amount, and high amount or weight- bearing exercise is most effective to prevent femoral neck osteoporosis.

Background
: Body weight is a well known factor of bone density. However, studies for correlation between body fat, lean body mass and bone density are inconsistent in premenopausal women. We reviewed the relations of body weight, body mass index(BMI), body fat, body fat percent, fat free mass and spinal bone density.

Methods : We collected data of healthy young women of 20-39 years old who visted a health promotion center of a general hospital from March to August, 2000. and examined the correlation of body weight, BMI, body fat, body fat percent, fat free mass and spinal bone density.

Results : The total number of observation was 309, the average age was 34±4 year old, the average body weight was 55.4±7.7 kg, the height was 158±5 cm, the BMI was 22.05±2.80 kg/m², the body fat percent was 25.5±5.3%, and the spinal bone density was 1.007±0.116g/cm² The incidence of normal bone weight group, 72.6%, 26.8%, 0.5%, respectively, in the normal weight group, and 90.9%, 9.1%, 0%, respectively, in the obese group. In linear regression analysis, the spinal bone density correlated with age, height, weight, BMI, body fat, and fat free mass. In stepwise multiple regression analysis, the fat free mass was a significant factor(R2=0.065(p<0.001)) of the spinal bone density.

Conclusion : The spinal bone density was correlated with age, height, body weight, BMI, fat mass, and fat free mass. The multiple regression analysis suggested that only fat ree mass was significantly correlated with spinal bone density.