Background Diet and physical activity influence sleep duration; however, the association between energy intake expenditure balance (EIEB) and sleep duration has not been fully investigated. This study examined the relationship between EIEB and sleep duration among Korean adults.
Methods This cross-sectional study included 13,164 adults aged ≥19 years (5,707 males and 7,457 females) from the 2019, 2020, and 2022 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. EIEB was defined as the difference between daily energy intake and energy expenditure. Energy intake was assessed using a 24-hour dietary recall, and energy expenditure was calculated by summing basal metabolic rate and physical activity. Participants were categorized into sex-specific EIEB quartiles (Q1–Q4). Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between EIEB quartiles and short sleep duration (≤6 hours), adjusting for socioeconomic status, body mass index, lifestyle factors, and comorbidities.
Results Among women, those in the Q2 EIEB group (−260.45 to 90.81 kcal) had a significantly lower risk of short sleep (odds ratio [OR], 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60–0.84). Reduced odds were also observed in Q3 (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.63–0.91) and Q4 (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.62–0.94), with a significant trend across quartiles (P for trend=0.03). No significant associations were observed among men.
Conclusion A balanced EIEB was inversely associated with short sleep duration in women but not in men, suggesting that sex-specific strategies for energy balance may be needed to support adequate sleep.
Background Diet and physical activity are key factors related to depressive mood. Previous studies have demonstrated the effects of diet and physical activity on depression. However, the effect of energy intake-expenditure balance (EIEB) on mental health has not been fully evaluated. This study aimed to analyze the association between EIEB and depression.
Methods A total of 13,460 participants (5,660 men and 7,800 women) aged ≥19 years were obtained from the 2014, 2016, and 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). EIEB was defined as the difference between the daily energy intake and energy expenditure. Energy intake was calculated and provided by the KNHANES using a 24-hour recall survey. Energy expenditure was estimated as the sum of basal metabolic rate and physical activity. Logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the association between sex-specific quartile groups (Q1–Q4) of EIEB and depression after adjusting for socioeconomic status, body mass index, lifestyle factors, and underlying diseases.
Results Women in Q3 of EIEB (211–669 kcal) had a significantly lower risk of depression (odd ratio [OR], 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67–0.92) than those in Q1 of EIEB (<-167 kcal). The adjusted ORs of depression were 0.87 (95% CI, 0.75–1.02) in Q2 and 0.86 (95% CI, 0.74–1.01) in Q4, with P for trend=0.030. There were no significant associations between the EIEB quartile groups and depression in men after adjusting for potential confounders (P for trend=0.564).
Conclusion Our results suggested that the EIEB is negatively associated with depression in Korean women.
Citations
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Sex- and Age-Specific Differences in the Joint Effects of Diet Quality and Physical Activity on Depressive Symptoms in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Soyoung Kim, Minseon Park Nutrients.2026; 18(6): 915. CrossRef
Comparative Associations of Aerobic Exercise and Resistance Exercise With Depression and Anxiety in Korean Adults: A Nationwide Propensity Score Matching Analysis Ye-Jin Yun, Yaeji Lee, Yu-Jin Kwon, Ji-Won Lee Journal of Korean Medical Science.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
A Lower Energy Balance is Associated With Higher Severity and Odd of Depression Based on the Beck Depression Inventory‐13 (BDI‐13) in a Retiring Age Population: A Population‐Based Cross‐Sectional Study Mohammad Reza Shadmand Foumani Moghadam, Mostafa Shahraki Jazinaki, Zohre Hosseini, Fatemeh Rajabi, Sharif Etemdi, Melika Hadizadeh, Parnian Pezeshki, Mohammad Amushahi, Reza Rezvani Health Science Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Dietary patterns of Filipino older adults and associated factors: analysis of the 2013 National nutrition survey and 2018–2019 expanded National nutrition survey Robby Carlo Tan, Kyler Kenn Castilla, Michael Serafico, Marco Mensink, Lisette CPGM de Groot BMC Geriatrics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Women’s Health and Primary Care Seung-Won Oh Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2024; 45(1): 1. CrossRef
Gender Difference in the Impact of Total Energy Intake on the Association between Low Fiber Intake and Mental Health in Middle-Aged and Older Adults Sinyoung Cho, Minseon Park Nutrients.2024; 16(16): 2583. CrossRef
Background : The purpose of this study was to compare the Physical Activity Recall (Stanford 7-days physical activity recall) with the Triaxial accelerometer (RT3) to assess physical activity in young adults.
Methods : Thirty-seven subjects wore the RT3 for 24 hours and then completed the physical activity recall. The Stanford 7-Day Recall records hours of sleep, light-, moderate-, hard- and very hard levels of physical activity.
Results : The total energy expenditure per day for the Stanford 7-day recall and RT3 was 2381.29±594.93 kcal/day and 2232.97±398.32 kcal/day, respectively, and showed high correlation (r=0.821). The activity energy expenditure per day for the Stanford 7-day recall and RT3 was 836.21±290.5 9 kcal/day and 509.83±181.57 kcal/day, respectively, and showed less high but significant correlation (r=0.327). When compared by sex, the total energy expenditure was significantly correlated in men (r=0.572) and the activity energy expenditure in women (r=0.484).
Conclusion : The Stanford 7-day recall and the RT3 was highly correlated in the total energy expenditure and significantly correlated in the activity energy expenditure. Therefore, it may be used reciprocally to assess physical activity.
Background : In order to treat obese individuals, control of caloric intake after determination of patient's energy expenditure and recommendation of exercise program with possible use of specific medication is advised. There are many limitations in measuring all individual's energy expenditure by calorimetry, thus estimation is made using many variables such as weight, height, age, and gender. But, commonly used equations to predict resting energy expenditure(REE) are thought to result in overstimation of energy expenditure for use with obese individuals. This study investigated difference between measured and predicted resting energy expenditure in obese individuals..
Methods : Subjects were 133 adults who were admitted either to Internal Medicine Department and ENT Department of Yeung Nam University Hospital and their resting energy expenditure was measured indirest calorimetry between groups was compared. Predicted REE estimated by 6 equations to measured REE was compared in the two groups by body mass index 27 kg/m² under 65 years old individuals.
Results : There was no significant difference of measured REE between groups according to smoking habits(p>0.05). In the older group(≥65 years old), REE was lower compared to the younger groups(<65 years old)(p<0.05). In the obese group(body mass index>27kg/m²) measured REE was higher than the normal weight group(BMI<27kg/m²)(p<0.05). Among 108 indibiduals under 65 years old, other equation except for Fleish equation and Robertson and Ried equation were inaccurate when applied to the obese group.
Conclusion : These commonly used prediction equations tend to overestimate the REE in obese individuals, and the best estimates for the obese seem to be derived from the Fleish and Robertson and Reid equations.
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