Korean Journal of Family Medicine

"Exercise Test"

Original Articles

Cardiopulmonary Fitness Is Independently Associated with Insulin Resistance in Non-Diabetes Mellitus Patients of a University Hospital in Korea: Eun-Hye Jun, Bo-Yoon Choi, Duk-Chul Lee, Ji-Won Lee, Jee-Yon Lee; Korean J Fam Med 2013;34(2):139-144. Published online March 20, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2013.34.2.139

Abstract
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Background

Insulin resistance, decreased response of peripheral tissue to normal insulin levels, is known to be related to cardiometabolic diseases. Cardiopulmonary fitness is also considered to be related to these comorbidities. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between insulin resistance and cardiopulmonary fitness by performing a 3-minute step test in a Korean non-diabetes mellitus (DM) population.

Methods

A total of 118 non-DM subjects were enrolled during their routine health check-up. Insulin resistance was measured by calculating homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and a 3-minute step test was performed to measure cardiopulmonary fitness.

Results

Post-60 seconds exercise heart rate after 3-minute test (R60 heart rate) was correlated with age (r = -0.21, P = 0.02), education (r = 0.17, P = 0.04), body mass index (r = 0.23, P = 0.01), waist circumference (r = 0.28, P < 0.01), fasting insulin (r = 0.28, P < 0.01), HOMA-IR (r = 0.25, P < 0.01), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (r = 0.28, P < 0.01), high sensitivity C-reactive protein levels (r = 0.22, P = 0.02), and baseline heart rate (r = 0.56, P < 0.01). In a step-wise multiple regression analysis, baseline heart rate (β = 0.79, P < 0.001), HOMA-IR (β = 0.65, P = 0.02), and systolic blood pressure (β = 0.15, P = 0.03) were identified as explanatory variables for R60 heart rates.

Conclusion

Our results suggested that cardiopulmonary fitness was associated with insulin resistance in non-DM patients of a university hospital in Korea. Further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Effects of Structured Aerobic Exercise on Selected Clinical Profiles of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Nmachukwu Ifeoma Ekechukwu, Stella Udumma Anwara, Ukamaka Gloria Mgbeojedo, Olive U. Chijioke, Okechukwu Steven Onwukwe, Uchechukwu Anthonia Ezugwu, Echezona Nelson Dominic Ekechukwu, Ijeoma L. Okoronkwo
International Journal of Medicine and Health Development.2021; 26(1): 17. CrossRef
Effects of a 12-week moderate-intensity exercise training on blood glucose response in patients with type 2 diabetes
Shang-Lin Chiang, Margaret McLean Heitkemper, Yi-Jen Hung, Wen-Chii Tzeng, Meei-Shyuan Lee, Chia-Huei Lin
Medicine.2019; 98(36): e16860. CrossRef
Association between Homeostasis assessment-insulin resistance and 6-minute Walking Distance in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Yoshikazu HIRASAWA, Yasunori UMEMOTO
Rigakuryoho kagaku.2016; 31(3): 399. CrossRef
Preventivní kardiologie v praxi
Martina Vitásková, Pavel Suchánek, Jaroslava Štochlová, Irena Houšková, Alena Karbanová, Irena Masáková, Martin Kleissner, Martin Bláha, Jan Beneš, Renata Langová, Veronika Hošková, Olga Řeháková, Věra Adámková
Cor et Vasa.2013; 55(6): 692. CrossRef

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Psychogenic symptoms in patients with noncardiac chest pain.: Young Ho Chang, Ji Ho Choi, Sang Hyun Lee, In Ho Kwak, Sun Duk Lee; J Korean Acad Fam Med 1999;20(12):1784-1793. Published online December 1, 1999

Abstract
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Background
: Patients with chest pain are common among outpatients. Several researches shows that chest pain patients can suffer from psychiatric illnesses such as hypochondriasis, depression, anxiety, somatization, panic disorder and so on. This study aims to examine the psychogenic symptoms in patients with noncardiac chest pain.

Methods : In this study, the 98 people who have undergone treadmill test for chest pain during the three months from June 1st to September 30 of 1998 were selected, and the 98 patients were asked to respond to the prepared questionnaire and SCL-MPD(symptom check list-minor psychiatric disorders) before they underwent treadmill test. And then, they were classified into two groups. One group consisted of patients with noncardiac chest pain, and the other group of patients with cardiac chest pain. These two groups were compared in 19 measures, and the compared results were analyzed by t-test.

Results : Among the 25 patients with cardiac chest pain, 15 patients were males and 10 patients (33%) were females, and among the 44 patients with noncardiac chest pain, 31 patients(70%) were males, 13 patients (30%) were females. The average age was 47 years old. The average age in patients with noncardiac chest pain was 48, and the 46 for those patients with cardiac chest pain. In the statistical analysis between the patients with cardiac chest pain and those with noncardiac chest pain, significant difference(p<0.005) was shown in the measures such as somatization, depression, phobic anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, neurasthenic, hypochodrial, anxiety, anger-hostility, interpersonal sensitivity.

Conclusion : As in the analysis the patients with noncardiac chest pain showed significant difference in the symptom check list minor psychiatric disorder compared to those with cardiac chest pain. We conclude that primary care physician should take more interest in evaluating psychiatric symptoms in patients with noncardiac chest pain.( J Korean Acad Fam Med 1999;20:1784-1793)

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Validity analysis of for exercise tests in assessing aerobic capacity of young men.: Chang Jin Choi, Kyung Soo Kim, Sun Myeong Ock, Chan Hee Song, Keun Sang Yeum, Yeun Sook Park, Hong In Kim; J Korean Acad Fam Med 1999;20(12):1752-1760. Published online December 1, 1999

Abstract
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Background
: Assessment of aerobic capacity(VO₂max) is one of the essential components in exercise prescription for health promotion and maintenance. This study was conducted to compare the validity of four exercise tests to assess aerobic capacity in young adult male subjects by comparing them to the values measured from maximal ergometer exercise test(criterion VO₂max).

Methods : twenty young healthy adult males(M±SD=21.1±1.5 years) volunteered as subjects. Criterion VO₂max was calculated and printed out automatically by computerized analysis system of expired air samples collected during maximal ergometer exercise test. VO₂max was estimated for each subjects from heart rate at submaximal workloads on the cycle ergometer using the Åstrand-Rhyming nomogram(A/R) and Fox protocol(FOX) and the computerized multiple extrapolation method (XTP). The score got from Harvard step test(H/S) was used to compare the validity. The validity of the procedures was based on the evaluation of the predicted VO₂max (from A/R, FOX, XTP, and H/S) versus the criterion VO₂max via the calculation of constant error(CE=mean difference for predicted minus criterion VO₂max), r value, standard error of the estimate[SEE=SD-(1-r²)1/2], total error[TE=(∑(predicted VO₂max ? criterion VO₂max)²/n)1/2].

Results : In relation to criterion VO₂max, the XTP and A/R underpredicted (XTP : 40.8 ml/kg/min SD = 4.1; A/R: 37.3 8 ml/kg/min SD = 5.0) and the H/S and FOX overpredicted(H/S: 48.0 8 ml/kg/min SD = 5.9; FOX 46.3 8 ml/kg/min SD = 5.5). Dunnett post-hoc procedures revealed that there were significant(P<0.05) mean differences(CE) for VO₂max from A/R versus criterion. The validity coefficients for VO₂max derived from XTP, H/S, A/R, and FOX were 0.68,0.53,0.50, and 0.49, respectively. TE of the XTM, FOX, H/S and A/R, which accounts for the effects of both the CE and SEE, were5.73,6.13,6.75, and 8.87, respectively.

Conclusion : These results suggest that the XTP is recommended first for estimation VO₂max in young adult males. It is also considered that further studies about female and other age groups are necessary.