Heated tobacco products (HTPs), a hybrid between conventional and electronic cigarettes, were first launched in South Korea in June 2017. Owing to advertisements stating that HTPs are odorless, tar-free, and less harmful to health, the sales of HTPs have grown quickly enough to account for about 10% of the total tobacco market in a year. HTP use by young, highly educated, and high-income groups had a significant impact on both the overall tobacco market over the past 3 years and the smoking and quitting behaviors of smokers. Based on national smoking rate statistics, tobacco sales trends, and the number of visitors to smoking cessation clinics, the following changes have been identified: (1) The decline in current smoking rates has slowed or rose in some groups. (2) The decline in total cigarette sales has slowed but rose again in the first quarter of 2020. (3) The number of visitors to smoking cessation clinics decreased just after the advent of HTPs. These results may be due to the insufficient support of tobacco regulation policies but also coincide chronologically with the appearance of HTPs in South Korea. It is necessary to investigate the usage rate of various tobacco products, including HTPs and e-cigarettes, to examine the health risks of novel tobacco products and provide accurate information to users and policymakers. Finally, tobacco companies are continuously developing new product concepts to escape the regulation of existing cigarettes; thus, comprehensive management measures for all nicotine-containing products are needed.
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Background: This study reports findings from the ITC Korea Survey, which was conducted to evaluate the characteristics in Korean adult smokers as part of the ITC Project. Methods: Adult male and female smokers were randomly selected using telephone survey from November to December 2005. The ITC Korea Survey contained a wide range of questions on smoking behavior and smoking history. The data reported are weighted on the basis of age and gender, and they are nationally representative of smokers in Korea. Results: A total of 1,002 smokers among the selected 1,402 subjects (71.5%) were interviewed; 96.2% were males. Daily smokers comprised 94.5% of the sample. The mean of cigarettes per day was 17.9. The average minutes after waking before the first cigarette was smoked was lower (50.6 minutes) than it was in other countries of the ITC Project. Over 90% considered themselves addicted to cigarettes and 86.5% expressed regret over smoking. Smokers reported that the norms against smoking in Korea were very strong both personal norms (89.4%) and perceived norms in Korean society (86.3%). Among the smokers, 80.8% had tried to quit smoking, and 76.1% were planning to quit. Only 5.8% of the Korean smokers indicated that the warning labels made them a lot more likely to quit smoking. When the price of cigarettes increased by 500 won (25%) in December 2004, 34.3% reported trying to quit smoking. Only 17.7% supported a complete workplace ban and 15.8% supported a complete ban in restaurants. Although knowledge of the harms of smoking was high, nearly 80% of the Koreans wrongly believed that "nicotine causes most of the cancer in smokers." Finally, the great majority (85.2%) of smokers in Korea believed that "the government should do more to tackle the harm done by smoking" and 62.5% believed that "tobacco products should be more tightly regulated." Conclusion: The results from the baseline wave of the ITC Korea Survey have identified where tobacco control in Korea has been done. Future waves of the ITC Korea Survey will be able to evaluate the impact of important tobacco control policies that Korea will be required to implement over the next few years, as a party to the FCTC. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2008;29:844-853)
Background : In an effort to use cigarette warning labels as a means for reducing smoking rates, this study examined current cigarette warning messages and newly designed pictorial warning labels.
Methods : From June 15, 2005, to June 22, 2005 we conducted an e-mail survey of 1,200 civilians to examine the effect of cigarette warning labels. For statistical analysis, we used chi-square test with SPSS 11.0 software.
Results : Among all the respondents, 78.7% indicated that current cigarette warning labels did not have any effect. However, most of the respondents indicated that pictorial warning labels are effective in raising public awareness (84.6%) or knowledge (81.5%) of the harmful effects of cigarettes. They also responded that pictorial warning labels would help them quit smoking (75.9%) or keep them from buying cigarettes (64.1%). Over 80% of the respondents and over 70% of the smokers responded that they would welcome the use of pictorial warning labels as an anti-smoking measure.
Conclusion : The results of this study showed that current cigarette warning labels are not effective in curbing smoking rates. Also, the results suggest that current cigarette warning labels need to be improved if they are to be used as an effective anti-smoking measure.
Background : Because passive smoking causes lung cancer, ischemic heart disease, and stroke in nonsmokers, implementation of policy to prevent workplace environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) are strongly needed. Most of our hospital employees desire more strict smoke-free policy as shown in a questionnaire survey conducted in January 1999. This study was to investigate the short-term effect of a comprehensive smoke-free policy on hospital employees which prohibited any smoking within the hospital building since March 15, 1999.
Methods : The first survey was carried out on January 1999 including all the employees of Sanggye Paik Hospital as subjects. After two months a second round of survey was done to monitor the effects of the new regulation. Questions included in the survey were subjects' demographic characteristics, smoking history, perception and observance of no-smoking areas, and change in perception of ETS. Smokers were questioned about changes in smoking rate after the new policy. Statistical analysis was done using x² and paired t-test to detect if there was any statistical significance after enforcing the new smoke-free policy.
Results : Among total 1,026 employees, 621 subjects (men 146, women 475) in the first survey and 552 subjects (men 146, women 406) in the second survey responded. There was no significant difference in demographic characteristics and occupation mix between the two surveys. Although the perception and observance of no-smoking areas were increased after the new policy. half of nonsmokers replied that the new policy was not well observed. 76.9% of subjects replied the exposure to cigarette smoke during work decreased. The question item asking the smokers of the amount of cigarettes smoked after the new policy adoption revealed a decrease in 2.83(±0.48) cigarettes during the working hours (p=0.0001), a decrease in 1.18(±0.29) cigarettes during the premises of hospital or more stringent regulation for violation of the policy.
Conclusion : Despite several limitations, this study suggests that a comprehensive smoke-free policy in hospital has a positive impact on the reduction of smoker's cigarettes consumption as well as reduction of ETS exposure on the nonsmokers.
Background : Recently, many countries including Korea have been trying to enforce and reform their primary care system. The Family Doctor Registration Program(FDRP) which Korean government had tried and failed in 1996. continuously has been being highlighted because of it's importance. Several private family practitioners started grass root movement for conduction FDRP voluntarily. This survey aimed to know the willingness for private family practitioners to participate in voluntary FDRP and it's major services.
Methods : By mailing, the self-administered questionnaire were collected two times during May 20 to June 30 in 1998. The questionnaire contained following : demographic and practice related factors, willingness to participate FDRP, factors related to it's major services. Subjects were 496 private family physicians who had acquired the certification since 1989. Analyses were made by the Chi-square test, t-test, and multiple logistic regression analysis.
Results : Though overall response rate was only 44.8%(222/496), but age and sex distributions of respondents were similar to those of the total study subjects. The percentage of those having a willingness to participate in voluntary FDRP('Y' group) was 58.6%. The 'Y' group showed phone counseling frequence of 3.2(±2.6) times per day. They had much more home visiting experience than 'N' group(62.2% vs 44.9%, P=0.0019). After the conduction of FDRP. the frequency of possible night-time phone duty per month was 3.5(±2.6) times, and the frequency of possible home visiting per week was 1.9(±1.4) times in 'Y' group. After multiple logistic regression analysis on the meaningful variables, male(OR=2.25, P=0.027) rather than female, percentage of child patients<40%(OR=2.526, P=0.0149) rather than that>60%, and having home-visiting experience(OR=1.8, P=0.1131) rather than no experience showed relatively higher tendency of participation in voluntary FDRP.
Conclusion : The results of this survey should be reflected into the health care policy when retrying to implement FDRP in Korea.
Background : Although institution of the no-smoking areas have been required in hospitals since 1995, It has not been evaluated. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the current no-smoking areas, and to collect employee's opinions about no-smoking policy in th hospital.
Methods : The self-administered anonymous survey was distributed to all employees of a university hospital in January 1999. Respondents were asked about their smoking status, awareness and compliance of the no-smoking areas, perception of tobacco smoke during work, preference for the type of no-smoking policy. Differences in outcome vairables' distribution by sex, smoking status, and occupation were analyzed using x² analysis.
Results : The overall response rate for the survey was 65.3%(670/1026). Among the total, 77.9% were females, and mean age of the respondents was 31.6 years(±80). While the overall smoking prevalence was 10.6%, men's prevalence was 46.6%. Although the awareness of the no-smoking areas was high in most areas, the rate of which all of the 10 no-smoking areas had been well kept was only 15.2%, 47.% of non-smokers reported that they could still smell some tobacco smoke while on duty. While 65.5% agreed on the opinion that penal regulations should be strengthened in order not to violate no-smoking areas, only 32.1% agreed on the current policy without penalty. 80% of smokers replied that they would follow the strict no-smoking policy.
Conclusion : The current no-smoking areas was not well observed. However, most employees wanted the no-smoking policy with penal regulation. Therefore, this survey could provide a solid foundation to implement a strict no-smoking policy.
Background : It is important for the health care provider, particularly primary care physicians as gatekeepers of health care, to understand the social interests and needs toward health care. This study was done to find ways to deal with public opinion by analyzing the contributions of health care in the newspapers.
Methods : Two hundred twenty four contributions about health care were sorted out in the three national newspapers during one calendar year from January to December, 1996. These contributions were coded by themes and subjects according the content analysis and qualitative text interpretation.
Results : The contributions were classified into three categories; medical insurance, and hospital ser-vices, and health care policies. Forty four contributions of medical insurance category were coded into 5 themes and 18 subjects. Fifty eight contributions of hospital services category were coded into 3 themes and 31 subjects. One hundred twenty two contributions of medical insurance category were coded into 8 themes and 32 subjects. The themes and subjects were listed and major findings were described qualitatively. The characteristics of public opinions about health care were diversity, conflicting interests, plentifulness of complaints and discontent, and finally, infrequency of alternative proposals for problem solving. How to deal with public opinions were discussed.
Conclusion : We can recognize the public attitude of health care and complaints of patients and consumers of health care by analyzing the contributions in the newspapers. These data can be used to develop ways of primary care physicians to deal with patients' needs.
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