Background
Men with low testosterone levels are at an increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome, irrespective of age or obesity. However, the relationship between metabolic syndrome and testosterone levels in women remains unclear. We compared the total testosterone concentrations between premenopausal obese women with and without metabolic syndrome and identified the factors affecting these concentrations.
Methods
A single-center retrospective analysis was conducted using the medical records of 580 premenopausal women with obesity. The diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome were established using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines.
Results
The mean±standard deviation age, weight, and body mass index were 38.8±8.4 years, 78.0±11.8 kg, and 30.0±4.1 kg/m², respectively. The mean total testosterone concentration was lower in the metabolic syndrome group than in the non-metabolic syndrome group (n=385 vs. n=195; 0.22±0.10 ng/mL vs. 0.24±0.11 ng/mL; P<0.001). In a model adjusted for age, body mass index, skeletal muscle mass, body fat mass, and body fat percentage, the odds ratio for metabolic syndrome with respect to the total testosterone level was 0.128 (P=0.028). Testosterone concentration was negatively correlated with age (r=-0.334), systolic blood pressure (r=-0.084), and triglyceride concentration (r=-0.093) but positively correlated with weight (r=0.144), body mass index (r=0.140), waist circumference (r=0.133), body fat mass (r=0.167), and body fat percentage (r=0.167). Stepwise regression analysis revealed that age (β=-0.004, P<0.001), body mass index (β=0.003, P=0.004), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration (β=0.001, P=0.019) were independently associated with total testosterone concentration (adjusted R2=12.6%).
Conclusion
Metabolic syndrome and obesity may be independently associated with testosterone levels in premenopausal women with obesity.

Citations

• The Interconnected Nature of Smoking, Depression, and Obesity in Behavioral Medicine
  Joung Sik Son
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2024; 45(4): 181.     CrossRef

Background
This study aimed to examine the association between coffee or green tea consumption and ferritin or hemoglobin levels in premenopausal women.
Methods
We used the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010–2012), and a total of 4,322 individuals were surveyed. In women of reproductive age, average ferritin and hemoglobin levels were calculated according to coffee or green tea consumption. Covariates included in the analysis were demographic variables, such as age, body mass index, education, drinking, smoking, history of hypertension, history of diabetes diagnosis, physical activity, total energy intake, and daily iron intake.
Results
In 4,322 participants, the average hemoglobin level was 12.90±0.02 g/dL, and the average level of ferritin was 31.95±0.67 ng/mL. As a result of testing, correlation between ferritin and coffee intake and difference in ferritin levels according to coffee consumption was significant (P<0.05). In this study, a post hoc test indicated that ferritin level significantly differed between one and two cups, two and three cups, and three and one cup groups (overall P<0.001). Additionally, there was a negative correlation between ferritin level and coffee intake; ferritin level decreased by 2.09 ng/mL with a one-cup increase in daily coffee consumption.
Conclusion
In premenopausal women, coffee intake is associated with low serum ferritin levels. Our results indicate that drinking >2 cups of coffee significantly affect ferritin levels in Korean premenopausal women.

Citations

• Accurate determination of aflatoxins in coffee by isotope dilution–ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
  Yared Getachew Lijalem, Hyeonwoo Yu, So Young Woo, Hyang Sook Chun, Kihwan Choi, Byungjoo Kim
  Journal of Food Composition and Analysis.2025; 145: 107836.     CrossRef
• Hemoglobin response to iron-folic acid supplementation and associated factors among anemic pregnant women attending the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital ANC ward Northwest, Ethiopia 2023: A longitudinal follow up study
  Asefu Fekadie, Bisrat Birke Teketelew, Melak Aynalem, Aregawi Yalew, Tebelay Dilnessa
  PLOS One.2025; 20(9): e0331599.     CrossRef
• Women’s Health and Primary Care
  Seung-Won Oh
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2024; 45(1): 1.     CrossRef
• Guidelines for nutrition counseling in primary healthcare clinics
  Gyeongsil Lee, Seung-Won Oh
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2024; 67(4): 278.     CrossRef
• Dietary diversity and preferences among pregnant women and its association with anaemia
  Benedicta Twum - Dei, Richmond Aryeetey, Linda Nana Esi Aduku
  Nutrition & Food Science .2024; 54(4): 805.     CrossRef
• Association Between Tea Drinking and Anemia in Women of Reproductive Age: A Cross-Sectional Study From the Mekran Division, Balochistan, Pakistan
  Noman Sadiq, Yasmeen Gul, Muhammad M Bilal, Muhammad Afzal, Nasrin Mumtaz, Abdul Wahid
  Cureus.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Does tea intake increase the risk of anemia? Evidence from a large prospective cohort and Mendelian randomization study
  Rui Hang Zhang, Wei Sen Zhang, Chao Qiang Jiang, Feng Zhu, Ya Li Jin, Shiu Lun Au Yeung, Tai Hing Lam, Lin Xu, Jiao Wang
  Food & Function.2024; 15(18): 9552.     CrossRef
• A Comparative Study of the Effect Coffee and Tea on Some Parameters in the Rats Blood
  Sadiq Al-Mansury, Suhad J. Hadi, Hawraa H. Naji, Adnan M. Jassim, Shatha M. Abbas, Nada Khazal K. Hindi
  Medical Journal of Babylon.2024; 21(3): 627.     CrossRef
• Association between Coffee and Green Tea Consumption and Iron Deficiency Anemia in Korea
  Jungun Lee
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2023; 44(2): 69.     CrossRef

Background
Osteoporosis is characterized by a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) and increased risk of fragility fractures. Serum iron level may interact with bone health status. This study investigated the correlations of BMD with serum iron level, hemoglobin level, and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC).
Methods
We performed a retrospective analysis of data from the medical records of premenopausal women in South Korea. The women’s BMDs and the Z scores of the BMDs were verified using dual-energy X-ray absorption. The participants were stratified into quartiles for analyses of the associations of BMD with serum iron level, TIBC, and hemoglobin level.
Results
A simple linear regression analysis revealed associations of changes in BMD with iron level (β=-0.001, standard error [SE]=0.001, P<0.001), hemoglobin level (β=0.015, SE=0.003, P<0.001), and TIBC (β=0.001, SE=0.001, P<0.001). This pattern was also observed in a multiple linear regression analysis. A multivariate logistic regression analysis of iron level and TIBC for low BMD revealed odds ratios of 1.005 (P<0.001) and 0.995 (P<0.001), respectively.
Conclusion
This study demonstrated clear relationships of changes in BMD with serum iron level and TIBC, and thus confirms the usefulness of these markers in the clinical evaluation of iron storage and BMD in younger women.

Citations

• Development of novel hybrid nanomaterials with potential application in bone/dental tissue engineering: design, fabrication and characterization enriched-SAPO-34/CS/PANI scaffold
  Golnaz Navidi, Saeideh Same, Maryam Allahvirdinesbat, Parvaneh Nakhostin Panahi, Kazem Dindar Safa
  Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition.2024; 35(13): 2090.     CrossRef
• Effects of bone metabolism on hematopoiesis: A Mendelian randomization study
  Shun-Cheong Ho, Gloria Hoi-Yee Li, Anskar Yu-Hung Leung, Kathryn Choon-Beng Tan, Ching-Lung Cheung
  Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia.2024; 10(4): 151.     CrossRef
• Does Changing the Ratio of Dietary Sodium-to-Potassium Intake Affect Bone Mineral Density?
  Soo Young Kim
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2023; 44(1): 1.     CrossRef
• Associations of blood trace elements with bone mineral density: a population-based study in US adults
  Chunli Wu, Yao Xiao, Yuexia Jiang
  Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effects of Rapid Weight Loss following Iron Supplementation on Bone Mineral Density and Serum Osteocalcin Levels in University Wrestlers
  Junghoon Lee, Junyung Sung, Taewoong Oh
  IJASS(International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences).2022; : 72.     CrossRef
• Bone Mineral Density and Hemoglobin Levels: Opposite Associations in Younger and Older Women
  Tzyy-Ling Chuang, Malcolm Koo, Mei-Hua Chuang, Yuh-Feng Wang
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(10): 5495.     CrossRef

Background
This study aimed to analyze the association of low vitamin D status with thyroid autoimmunity and dysfunction in the Korean population according to sex and menopausal status in women.
Methods
This study was based on the data acquired from the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We enrolled 4,356 subjects who had data of thyroid function, antithyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels. We excluded subjects who were pregnant and who had a history of thyroid disease or thyroid cancer, and those with transient thyroid dysfunction who tested negative for TPOAb (TPOAb[-]).
Results
TPOAb positivity (TPOAb[+]) with thyroid dysfunction (subclinical and overt hypothyroidism) was more prevalent in the vitamin D deficient group than in the vitamin D insufficient and sufficient groups including premenopausal (P=0.046) and postmenopausal women (P=0.032), although no significant differences were observed in men. The mean serum 25(OH)D level was significantly lower in the TPOAb(+) with thyroid dysfunction group than in the TPOAb(+) with euthyroidism and TPOAb(-) groups of premenopausal women (P=0.001), although no significant differences were observed in men and postmenopausal women. Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis, adjusted for age, body mass index, and current smoking status, showed that vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency were significantly associated with TPOAb(+) with thyroid dysfunction in premenopausal women (P<0.001), although no significant associations were observed in men and postmenopausal women.
Conclusion
Low vitamin D status was significantly associated with thyroid autoimmunity and dysfunction in the Korean population, especially in premenopausal women.

Citations

• Dysregulated vitamin D signaling in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: an integrated transcriptomic study in a Korean cohort
  Dong-Woo Lim, Ho-Jung Jeong, Jin Seok Lee, Min-Seo Choi, Sungsoon Fang, Jing-Hua Wang, Hojun Kim, Seok-Mo Kim
  Frontiers in Endocrinology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Impact of Subclinical Hypothyroidism on Lipid Profile in Jeddah: A Retrospective Cohort Study
  Mahmoud A Alzahrani, Fatemah S Baqar, Basil A Alzahrani, Ziyad A Badri, Rayan Alshamrani, Jamal Aljuhani
  Cureus.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Vitamin D and the Thyroid: A Critical Review of the Current Evidence
  Mirjana Babić Leko, Iva Jureško, Iva Rozić, Nikolina Pleić, Ivana Gunjača, Tatijana Zemunik
  International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(4): 3586.     CrossRef
• The importance of vitamin d in the thyroid autoimmune diseases
  Milan Jovanović
  Galenika Medical Journal.2023; 2(5): 87.     CrossRef
• Effectiveness of Maternal Vitamin D Supplementation in Preventing Respiratory Tract Infections in Children
  Soo Young Kim
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2022; 43(3): 155.     CrossRef
• Clinical Study on Vitamin D deficiency in Hypothyroidism
  NEHA PRIYA, RINA KUMARI, SURAJ P WAGH
  Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research.2022; : 161.     CrossRef
• The influence of vitamin D and iron on thyroid function and thyroid autoimmunity
  Jasmina Aleksić
  Medicinski glasnik Specijalne bolnice za bolesti štitaste žlezde i bolesti metabolizma.2022; 27(87): 64.     CrossRef
• The Interactive Effects of Severe Vitamin D Deficiency and Iodine Nutrition Status on the Risk of Thyroid Disorder in Pregnant Women
  Wei Lu, Zhengyuan Wang, Zhuo Sun, Zehuan Shi, Qi Song, Xueying Cui, Liping Shen, Mengying Qu, Shupeng Mai, Jiajie Zang
  Nutrients.2022; 14(21): 4484.     CrossRef
• Genetic Susceptibility to Joint Occurrence of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: How Far Is Our Understanding?
  Natalia Zeber-Lubecka, Ewa E. Hennig
  Frontiers in Immunology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• ASSOСIATION BETWEEN VITAMIN D STATUS AND METABOLIC DISORDERS IN PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN WITH AUTOIMMUNE HYPOTHYROID DISEASE
  Oksana O. Chukur, Nadiya V. Pasyechko, Anzhela O. Bob, Iryna V. Smachylo, Liudmyla V. Radetska
  Wiadomości Lekarskie.2021; 74(7): 1612.     CrossRef
• Association between vitamin D deficiency and hypothyroidism: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2012
  Sandeep Appunni, Muni Rubens, Venkataraghavan Ramamoorthy, Anshul Saxena, Raees Tonse, Emir Veledar, Peter McGranaghan
  BMC Endocrine Disorders.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Low Normal TSH Levels and Thyroid Autoimmunity are Associated with an Increased Risk of Osteoporosis in Euthyroid Postmenopausal Women
  Libo Yang, Hongmei Wang, Jinying Guo, Guanlin Zheng, Dailin Wei, Tie Zhang
  Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets.2021; 21(5): 859.     CrossRef
• Pathophysiological Role and Therapeutic Implications of Vitamin D in Autoimmunity: Focus on Chronic Autoimmune Diseases
  Mattia Bellan, Laura Andreoli, Chiara Mele, Pier Paolo Sainaghi, Cristina Rigamonti, Silvia Piantoni, Carla De Benedittis, Gianluca Aimaretti, Mario Pirisi, Paolo Marzullo
  Nutrients.2020; 12(3): 789.     CrossRef
• Immunomodulatory Effects of Vitamin D in Thyroid Diseases
  Chiara Mele, Marina Caputo, Alessandro Bisceglia, Maria Teresa Samà, Marco Zavattaro, Gianluca Aimaretti, Loredana Pagano, Flavia Prodam, Paolo Marzullo
  Nutrients.2020; 12(5): 1444.     CrossRef
• Vitamin D and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease—Cause, Consequence, or a Vicious Cycle?
  Inês Henriques Vieira, Dírcea Rodrigues, Isabel Paiva
  Nutrients.2020; 12(9): 2791.     CrossRef
• Prospective role of thyroid disorders in monitoring COVID-19 pandemic
  Kanchan Kumari, Gagan B.N. Chainy, Umakanta Subudhi
  Heliyon.2020; 6(12): e05712.     CrossRef

Background
Early menarche may be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between age at menarche and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Korean premenopausal women.
Methods
We used nationally representative data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2013 to 2014, and 3,023 premenopausal women aged 20–55 years were our subjects. We defined early menarche as age at first menstrual period less than 12 years. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between age at menarche and MetS after adjusting for current age, and socioeconomic, lifestyle, and reproductive variables.
Results
MetS was much more common in women aged 40–55 years than in women aged 20–39 years (4.1% vs. 15.1%). Compared with women who experienced menarche at age 12–15 years, the risk of MetS in the early menarche group was not higher in either age group, after adjusting for current age, and socioeconomic, lifestyle, and reproductive variables (odds ratio [OR], 1.767; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.718–4.351 in those aged 20–39 years; OR, 1.780; 95% CI, 0.775–4.085 in those aged 40–55 years). The risk of MetS in women with menarche at age ≥16 years was not higher than in women with menarche at age 12–15 years.
Conclusion
Early or late menarche was not associated with an increased risk of MetS in premenopausal Korean women. Even before menopause, current age has a major influence on the development of MetS.

Citations

• Reproductive factors and metabolic syndrome among Chinese women aged 40 years and older
  Ling Bai, Xi Yang, Ziyi Sun, Zuojie Luo, Li Li, Xinghuan Liang, Jia Zhou, Liheng Meng, Yang Peng, Yingfen Qin
  Journal of Diabetes.2023; 15(1): 36.     CrossRef
• Separate and combined effects of famine exposure and menarche age on metabolic syndrome among the elderly: a cross-sectional study in China
  Congzhi Wang, Jiazhi Wang, Rui Wan, Ting Yuan, Liu Yang, Dongmei Zhang, Xiaoping Li, Haiyang Liu, Lin Zhang
  BMC Women's Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Mediator or moderator? The role of obesity in the association between age at menarche and blood pressure in middle-aged and elderly Chinese: a population-based cross-sectional study
  Lin Zhang, Liu Yang, Congzhi Wang, Ting Yuan, Dongmei Zhang, Huanhuan Wei, Jing Li, Yunxiao Lei, Lu Sun, Xiaoping Li, Ying Hua, Hengying Che, Yuanzhen Li
  BMJ Open.2022; 12(5): e051486.     CrossRef
• Long-term health outcomes of early menarche in women: an umbrella review
  Jeong-Seon Lee, Young Ah Lee, Choong Ho Shin, Dong In Suh, Yun Jeong Lee, Dong Keon Yon
  QJM: An International Journal of Medicine.2022; 115(12): 837.     CrossRef
• Association between Age at Menarche and Metabolic Syndrome in Southwest Iran: A Population-Based Case-Control Study
  Zahra Rahimi, Nader Saki, Bahman Cheraghian, Sara Sarvandian, Seyed Jalal Hashemi, Jamileh Kaabi, Amal Saki Malehi, Arman Shahriari, Nahal Nasehi
  Journal of Research in Health Sciences.2022; 22(3): e00558.     CrossRef
• Longitudinal 15-year follow-up of women with former early puberty: abnormal metabolic profiles not associated with earlier age at onset of puberty, but associated with obesity
  Somchit Jaruratanasirikul, Pitchaya Satitpatanapan, Hutcha Sriplung
  Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 34(1): 71.     CrossRef
• The role of multiparity and maternal age at first pregnancy in the association between early menarche and metabolic syndrome among middle-aged and older women
  Tiago Novais Rocha, Pedro Rafael de Souza Macêdo, Afshin Vafaei, Dimitri Taurino Guedes, Ingrid Guerra Azevedo, Álvaro Campos Cavalcanti Maciel, Saionara Maria Aires da Câmara
  Menopause.2021; 28(9): 1004.     CrossRef
• Centenarian longevity had inverse relationships with nutritional status and abdominal obesity and positive relationships with sex hormones and bone turnover in the oldest females
  Shihui Fu, Ping Ping, Yulong Li, Bo Li, Yali Zhao, Yao Yao, Pei Zhang
  Journal of Translational Medicine.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Letter to the Editor Regarding the Article: Relationship between Age at Menarche and Metabolic Syndrome in Premenopausal Women: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2014
  Anthony Urteaga, Miluska Robles, Alonso Soto
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2019; 40(4): 284.     CrossRef
• Age-Group Related Cohort Effects on the Association between Age at Menarche and Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Premenopausal Women
  Sunmi Yoo, Yun-Seo Hwang
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2019; 40(4): 280.     CrossRef

Citations

• Association between normal-weight obesity and bone mineral density in older Korean adults: A population-based cross-sectional study
  Jeonghyeon Kim, Seamon Kang, Hyunsik Kang
  Maturitas.2024; 180: 107891.     CrossRef
• Sex and Obesity-Specific Associations of Ultrasound-Assessed Radial Velocity of Sound with Body Composition
  Simona Sulis, Darina Falbová, Radoslav Beňuš, Petra Švábová, Alexandra Hozáková, Lenka Vorobeľová
  Applied Sciences.2024; 14(16): 7319.     CrossRef
• Clinical Characteristic of Patients Underwent Bone Mineral Density Examination in Prof. Dr. R. Soeharso Orthopaedic Hospital in 2022-2023: A Cross-Sectional Study
  R. Andhi Prijosedjati, Pamudji Utomo, Leli Sabariyah, Ahmad Fauzi
  (JOINTS) Journal Orthopaedi and Traumatology Surabaya.2024; 13(1): 1.     CrossRef
• Influence of Muscle Mass and Strength on Bone Mineralisation with Consideration of Sclerostin Concentration
  Martyna Patalong-Wójcik, Anna Golara, Katarzyna Zając, Alicja Sokołowska, Mateusz Kozłowski, Aleksandra Tołoczko-Grabarek, Mariola Krzyścin, Agnieszka Brodowska, Agnieszka Janiec, Aleksandra Myszka, Aneta Cymbaluk-Płoska, Elżbieta Sowińska-Przepiera
  Biomedicines.2023; 11(6): 1574.     CrossRef
• Associations of body mass index, body fat percentage and sarcopenia components with bone health estimated by second-generation high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography in older adults with obesity
  Anoohya Gandham, Jakub Mesinovic, Mavil May Cervo, Costas Glavas, Paul Jansons, Carrie-Anne Ng, Juan Pena Rodriguez, Ayse Zengin, Maxine P. Bonham, Peter R. Ebeling, David Scott
  Experimental Gerontology.2023; 179: 112227.     CrossRef
• Elevated circulating levels of IL-34 are strongly associated with osteoporosis
  Nader Tarabeih, Adel Shalata, Alexander Kalinkovich, Orabi Higla, Gregory Livshits
  Archives of Osteoporosis.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The role of FSH in body composition in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients
  Erica J. Roelofs, Donald R. Dengel, Qi Wang, James S. Hodges, Julia Steinberger, Scott Baker
  Pediatric Transplantation.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Association between body mass index, bone bending strength, and BMD in young sedentary women
  A. Auslander, M. T. C. Liang, J. Gavin, E. Jo, J. Rocha-Rangel, J.-H. Lin, Y.-L. Kwoh, S. B. Arnaud
  Osteoporosis International.2022; 33(3): 673.     CrossRef
• Association of androgen excess and bone mineral density in women with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia with 21-hydroxylase deficiency
  Dong Ho Lee, Sung Hye Kong, Han Na Jang, Chang Ho Ahn, Seung Gyun Lim, Young Ah Lee, Sang Wan Kim, Jung Hee Kim
  Archives of Osteoporosis.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Relationship Between Bone Mineral Density and Body Composition Among Qatari Women With High Rate of Obesity: Qatar Biobank Data
  Abdelhamid Kerkadi, Shalima Lathief, Yasmen Khial, Toka Teleb, Grace Attieh, Md Mizanur Rahman, Zumin Shi, Abdelali Agouni
  Frontiers in Nutrition.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Associations between body mass index, body composition and bone density in young adults: Findings from Saudi cohort
  Abdulrahman Tajaldeen, Salem Saeed Alghamdi, Rowa Aljondi, Zuhier Awan, Nawal Helmi, Kareem Lingawi, Alaa Mujalad, Wala Alzahrani
  Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences.2022; 15(1): 268.     CrossRef
• Association of Short-Term Changes in Menstrual Frequency, Medication Use, Weight and Exercise on Bone Mineral Density in College-Aged Women
  Stacie H. Fleischer, Annalisa K. Freire, Katie Brown, Andrew Creer, Dennis L. Eggett, Susan Fullmer
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(16): 10363.     CrossRef
• Analysing body composition as compositional data: An exploration of the relationship between body composition, body mass and bone strength
  D Dumuid, JA Martín-Fernández, S Ellul, RS Kenett, M Wake, P Simm, L Baur, T Olds
  Statistical Methods in Medical Research.2021; 30(1): 331.     CrossRef
• Association between body mass index and fragility fracture in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study using Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2009 (KNHANES IV)
  Jihan Kim, Sami Lee, Sung Soo Kim, Jong-Pyo Lee, Jong Sung Kim, Jin Gyu Jung, Seok Jun Yoon, Kyu Pil Kim, Chan-Keol Park, Yong-Hwan Kim
  BMC Women's Health.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Determinants of Bone Health Status in a Multi-Ethnic Population in Klang Valley, Malaysia
  Chin Yi Chan, Shaanthana Subramaniam, Norazlina Mohamed, Soelaiman Ima-Nirwana, Norliza Muhammad, Ahmad Fairus, Pei Yuen Ng, Nor Aini Jamil, Noorazah Abd Aziz, Kok-Yong Chin
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(2): 384.     CrossRef
• Bone mineral density of proximal femur in adult Chinese females
  Fanjie Li, Yibin Du
  Journal of Orthopaedics.2020; 22: 53.     CrossRef
• Bone Mineral Density of Femur and Lumbar and the Relation between Fat Mass and Lean Mass of Adolescents: Based on Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES) from 2008 to 2011
  Aram Kim, Seunghui Baek, Seyeon Park, Jieun Shin
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(12): 4471.     CrossRef
• The Association between High Body Mass Index and Early Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Proximal Femur Fractures
  Michael Müller, Alexander Gutwerk, Frederik Greve, Lisa Völker, Michael Zyskowski, Chlodwig Kirchhoff, Peter Biberthaler, Dominik Pförringer, Karl Braun
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2020; 9(7): 2076.     CrossRef
• Bone Health and its Relation to Energy Intake, Fat Mass and its Distribution
  Nayera E. Hassan, Sahar A. El-Masr, Rokia A. El Bann, Muhammad Al-Tohamy, Dalia El-Lebedy, Dalia Adel Abdel, Darin Amin, Safinaz Megahed, Aya Khalil
  Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences.2020; 23(8): 1075.     CrossRef
• Anti-fracture Efficacy of Monthly Risedronate Compared with That of Weekly Risedronate in Postmenopausal Korean Women with Osteoporosis: A Nationwide Cohort Study
  Yong Ho Cho, Kyung Hyun Bae, Dong Ryul Lee, Jungun Lee
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2020; 41(5): 339.     CrossRef
• Lean mass and peak bone mineral density
  Huy G. Nguyen, Minh TD. Pham, Lan T. Ho-Pham, Tuan V. Nguyen
  Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia.2020; 6(4): 212.     CrossRef
• Associations between body mass index, body composition and bone density in young adults: findings from a southern Brazilian cohort
  Isabel Oliveira Bierhals, Juliana dos Santos Vaz, Renata Moraes Bielemann, Christian Loret de Mola, Fernando Celso Barros, Helen Gonçalves, Fernando César Wehrmeister, Maria Cecília Formoso Assunção
  BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef

Citations

• The effect of coffee consumption on three main bone disorders: a Mendelian randomization trial
  Xiang Zhang, Jin Xu
  Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism.2024; 42(6): 633.     CrossRef
• Influence of Sex Differences on Serum Lipid Profiles among Habitual Coffee Drinkers: Evidence from 23,072 Taiwan Biobank Participants
  Meng-Ying Lu, Jerry Cheng-Yen Lai, Shaw-Ji Chen
  Nutrients.2023; 15(11): 2576.     CrossRef
• Demystifying the Risk Factors and Preventive Measures for Osteoporosis
  Raju Vaishya, Karthikeyan P. Iyengar, Vijay Kumar Jain, Abhishek Vaish
  Indian Journal of Orthopaedics.2023; 57(S1): 94.     CrossRef
• The effects of caffeine on bone mineral density and fracture risk
  N. K. Berman, S. Honig, B. N. Cronstein, M. H. Pillinger
  Osteoporosis International.2022; 33(6): 1235.     CrossRef
• The association of coffee consumption with the risk of osteoporosis and fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  X. Zeng, Y. Su, A. Tan, L. Zou, W. Zha, S. Yi, Y. Lv, T. Kwok
  Osteoporosis International.2022; 33(9): 1871.     CrossRef
• Gene–gene and gene–lifestyle interactions of AKAP11, KCNMA1, PUM1, SPTBN1, and EPDR1 on osteoporosis risk in middle-aged adults
  Sunmin Park, James W. Daily, Mi Young Song, Hyuk-Ku Kwon
  Nutrition.2020; 79-80: 110859.     CrossRef
• Caffeine Influences Functional Activity and Gene Expression of Bone Marrow Osteoblastic Cells from Osteoporotic Rats
  Roger Rodrigo Fernandes, Paula Katherine Vargas Sanchez, Ana Luisa Riul Sório, Carolina Alves Freiria de Oliveira, Milla Sprone Tavares Ricoldi, Luiz Gustavo de Sousa, Adalberto Luiz Rosa, Selma Siéssere, Karina Fittipaldi Bombonato-Prado
  Journal of Caffeine and Adenosine Research.2019; 9(2): 53.     CrossRef
• Does coffee drinking have beneficial effects on bone health of Taiwanese adults? A longitudinal study
  Huan-Cheng Chang, Chuan-Fa Hsieh, Yi-Chin Lin, Disline Manli Tantoh, Pei-Chieh Ko, Ya-Yu Kung, Mei-Chi Wang, Shu-Yi Hsu, Yi-Ching Liaw, Yung-Po Liaw
  BMC Public Health.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Serum Vitamin D Level Related to Coffee Consumption in Korean Young Adults Using the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
  Hee-Sook Lim, Hae-Hyeog Lee, Dong-Won Byun, Bora Lee, Temuulee Enkhbold, Tae-Hee Kim
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Background
: As the mean life span is prolonged, the concern about health care in postmenopausal women is now promoted. Especially, osteoporosis is the serious health problem in postmenopausal women. Bone mineral density in postmenopause is controlled by that in premenopause. Therefore, we searched for the factors which contribute to bone mineral density in premenopause.

Methods : The study subjects who visited the Health Screening and Diagnosis Center in Yeungnam University Hospital from March 1998 to July 1999 was measured BMD at the lumbar spine using dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry. Subjects were checked past medical history, life style (smoking, drinking, physical activity, exercise etc.), birth history, breast feeding, oral pill intake. The subjects who had disorders known to interfere with bone metabolism and premature menopausal and surgical menopausal women were excluded from the study. And we reviewed the results of the laboratory and radiologic findings which had done in Health Screening and Diagnosis Center.

Results : 352 women were included in this study. The number of normal BMD was 228 and the number of osteopenia was 124. Weight, height, BMI, exercise was significant positively correlated with bone mineral density(P<0.05). Previous operation history was significant negatively correlation with bone mineral density (P<0.05). Multiple logistic regression result showed that weight was the most significant factor affecting to BMD and the history of operation and exercise were significant factors affecting BMD(P<0.05).

Conclusion : In postmenopaual women, who has low weight, past operation history and lack of exercise, evaluation of BMD and education for prevention of osteoporosis are needed.

Background
: To determine the relationship between nutrient intake and bone mineral density (BMD), we have investigated this issue by the use of a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire.

Methods : A total 312 women aged 33-77 was divided into two groups, 187 premenopausal and 125 postmenopausal women, Dietary intake was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire. DMD was assessed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the lumbar spine (lumbar vertebrae 2-4). Pearson correlation and partial correlation coefficients were calculated for each nutrient at the lumbar spine MBD.

Results : The mean age of the 32 participants was 48 years, and their mean body mass index (BMI) was 23.7±2.8 kg/m² . Forty percent of the women were in postmenopausal state. The mean lumbar BMD was 1.117g/cm2. Age was negatively correlated with BMD in postmenopausal women, but smoking and exercise were not correlated with BMD. In premenopausal women, nutrient intakes were not associated with BMD. A significant association was found between intakes of fat, iron, vitamin A, vitamin C and BMD in postmenopausal women, but after adjusting for age, body mass index, energy intake, smoking, exercise, and use of hormone replacement therapy, there was no association.

Conclusion : There was no significant association between nutrient intakes and BMD of the lumbar spine.