Korean Journal of Family Medicine

"Review"

Original Article

Effect of saffron on premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis: Mohammad Mehdi Mohammadi, Zohreh Karimi; Received October 7, 2024 Accepted January 2, 2025 Published online October 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.24.0259 [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract
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Background
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and dysmenorrhea are common symptoms in women. In this study, we investigated the effects of saffron on PMS and dysmenorrhea in women.
Methods
In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we comprehensively screened a range of databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct. We included randomized clinical trials investigating the effects of saffron on PMS or dysmenorrhea. Quality assessment of the identified studies was conducted using the Cochrane risk-of-bias assessment tool. Meta-analysis was performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software ver. 2 based on the random effects model.
Results
Meta-analysis revealed that saffron had a significant positive effect on the symptoms of PMS in women (standardized mean difference [SMD], –0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], –0.84 to –0.44). Furthermore, saffron was effective in reducing dysmenorrhea (SMD, –0.51; 95% CI, –1.01 to –0.01).
Conclusion
The findings of our meta-analysis indicate that saffron exerts beneficial effects on the symptoms of both PMS and dysmenorrhea in women.

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Review Article

The Impact of Pharmacist Medication Reviews on Geriatric Patients: A Scoping Review: Nor Liana Che Yaacob, Mathumalar Loganathan, Nur Azwa Hisham, Habibah Kamaruzzaman, Khairil Anuar Md Isa, Mohamed Izham Mohamed Ibrahim, Kwok-Wen Ng; Korean J Fam Med 2024;45(3):125-133. Published online April 5, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.23.0220; Correction in: Korean J Fam Med 2024;45(4):235

Medication review is an intervention with the potential to reduce drug-related problems (DRPs) in the elderly. This study aimed to determine the effect of pharmacists’ medication reviews on geriatric patients. This study accessed two online databases, MEDLINE Complete and Scopus, and examined all studies published in English between 2019 and 2023, except for reviews. The studies included (1) participants over 65 years of age and (2) medication reviews conducted by pharmacists. The titles, abstracts, and full texts were reviewed for data extraction to determine whether the studies satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Forty-four of the initial 709 articles were included in this study. The articles included discussions on the incidence rates of DRPs and potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) (n=21), hospitalization (n=14), medication adherence (n=9), quality of life (QoL) (n=8), and falls (n=7). Pharmacist medication reviews were associated with a reduced incidence of DRPs and PIMs, and improved adherence to medications. Patients’ overall QoL is also increasing. However, pharmacist medication reviews were not strongly associated with decreased hospitalization or falls. A pharmacist’s medication review may be a feasible intervention for reducing the incidence rates of DRPs and PIMs, regardless of whether it is performed as a sole intervention or supplemented with other interventions. The intervention was also effective in increasing medication adherence and QoL.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Quality of prescribing and health-related quality of life in older adults: a narrative review with a special focus on patients with atrial fibrillation and multimorbidity
Cheima Amrouch, Deirdre A. Lane, Amaia Calderón-Larrañaga, Mirko Petrovic, Delphine De Smedt
European Geriatric Medicine.2025; 16(4): 1137. CrossRef
Effectiveness of Pharmacist Interventions in Improving Medication Use in Hospitalised Older Patients Diagnosed With Cardiovascular Diseases: INFAR Before‐and‐After Study
Romana Santos Gama, Luiz Carlos Passos, Welma Wildes Amorim, Renato Morais Souza, Marcio Galvão Oliveira
Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A Systematic Review of Long-Term Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) in Older Adults on Polypharmacy: Do PPIs Deplete Nutrients?
Muhammad Salman Shahid, Nouman Ahmed, Zeeshan Kamal, Laibah Nathaniel, Bhavna Singla, Shivam Singla, Sunita Kumawat, Munaza Batool, Osatohanmwen Ekomwereren, Nabila N Anika, Muhammad Sahil
Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Erratum: The Impact of Pharmacist Medication Reviews on Geriatric Patients: A Scoping Review
Nor Liana Che Yaacob, Mathumalar Loganathan, Nur Azwa Hisham, Habibah Kamaruzzaman, Khairil Anuar Md Isa, Mohamed Izham Mohamed Ibrahim, Kwok-Wen Ng
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2024; 45(4): 235. CrossRef
Application of the Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms-Clinical Index to a Cohort of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Undergoing Phlebotomy at an Endocrinology Clinic
Nor Humaira Mohd Tajudin, Mathumalar Loganathan Fahrni, Rohana Abdul Ghani, Mohd Hazriq Awang, Hitesh Chopra, Ali Saleh Alkhoshaiban
Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics.2024; 15(4): 389. CrossRef
Contribución de los Farmacéuticos Comunitarios en la detección y notificación de reacciones adversas en Andalucía
Miguel Romero Pérez, Manuel Sánchez Polo, José Alberto Ayala Ortiz, Blanca Contreras Aguilar, María José Zarzuelo-Romero
Ars Pharmaceutica (Internet).2024; 66(1): 25. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Effect of Curcumin on Dysmenorrhea and Symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Foruzan Sharifipour, Shahla Faal Siahkal, Kowsar Qaderi, Zeynab Mohaghegh, Maryam Zahedian, Faeze Azizi; Korean J Fam Med 2024;45(2):96-104. Published online January 24, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.23.0184; Retraction in: Korean J Fam Med 2025;46(2):124

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Content Analysis of YouTube Videos on the Effect of Vitamin C on Common Cold: Donghwi Park, Sang Gyu Kwak, Saeyoon Kim, Min Cheol Chang; Korean J Fam Med 2023;44(6):342-346. Published online October 18, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.23.0093

Background
With the growth of the Internet, social media platforms have emerged as major sources of medical information. We assessed the reliability, quality, and accuracy of the most-viewed YouTube videos containing information on the effect of vitamin C on the common cold.
Methods
The YouTube videos were searched on August 1, 2022, using the keywords: (“ascorbic acid” OR “vitamin C” OR “Sodium Ascorbate” OR “L-ascorbic”) AND “common cold”. The 30 most-viewed videos were included in our study. The reliability and quality of the videos were analyzed using modified DISCERN and Global Quality Scales, respectively. When the videos included at least one correct or inaccurate scientific statement about the effect of vitamin C on the common cold, they were classified as accurate or misleading videos, respectively; those without any pertinent information were considered neither accurate nor misleading. If a video contained both accurate and inaccurate statements, it was classified as misleading.
Results
Of the 30 most-viewed videos, 73% were unreliable, and 67% contained misleading information and were of a poor quality. Of these 30 videos, 14 videos were produced and posted by customers who were not specialized in medicine or nutrition. Moreover, these videos were of significantly lower reliability, quality, and accuracy than those produced by nutrition or fitness channels or by medical or nutrition professionals.
Conclusion
The reliability, quality, and accuracy of videos uploaded by non-professionals were low. Therefore, video creators should upload reliable, high-quality videos to ensure the dissemination of accurate medical information.

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Seung-Won Oh
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Eda Başmısırlı, Merve Kip, Hande Altun, Neriman İnanç
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Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2023; 44(6): 301. CrossRef

4,694 View
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Review Articles

Global Mapping of Potentially Inappropriate Prescribing for Older Adults in Community Settings: An Umbrella Review: Nafiseh Ghassab-Abdollahi, Haidar Nadrian, Fatemeh Saadati, Fariba ashazadeh, Elnaz Shaseb, Mina Hashemiparast, Hamid Allahverdipour; Korean J Fam Med 2023;44(4):189-204. Published online July 18, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.23.0032

Potentially inappropriate prescribing (PIP) is a major public health concern with several undesirable health consequences for older adults. In this overview, we aimed to map and gather information from existing literature to provide a better insight into the prevalence of PIP among community dwellers. Electronic databases were searched from their inception to April 2022. The quality of the included systematic reviews (SRs) was assessed using the assessment of multiple systematic reviews checklist. The degree of overlap within the SRs was also evaluated (2% overlap). All SRs on the prevalence of PIP in older individuals in community settings were included, and a narrative approach was used to synthesize data. Nineteen SRs comprising 548 primary studies met the inclusion criteria, and the average quality of the included SRs was moderate. More than half (50.5%) of the primary studies were conducted in Europe, followed by the United States (22.8%), and Asia (18.9%). Thirty different criteria were used in the primary studies to estimate the prevalence of PIP. The most widely used criteria were those presented in Beers (41.8%) and STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Persons’ Prescriptions)/START (Screening Tool to Alert to Right Treatment) (21.8%) criteria. Benzodiazepines, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and antidepressants were the most frequently reported PIPs. A considerable variation in the prevalence of PIP ranging from 0% to 98% was reported by SRs. However, there is a high degree of uncertainty regarding the extent of PIP in community settings. To identify knowledge-to-action gaps, SR authors should consider the differences in prevalence of PIP according to settings, applied tools, data sources, geographical areas, and specific pathologies. There is also a need for primary and SR studies from low- and middle-income countries regarding the prevalence of PIP.

Citations

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A Prospective Study on Potentially Inappropriate Drug Use and All‐Cause Mortality in Community‐Dwelling Older Adults
Liat Orenstein, Angela Chetrit, Keren Laufer, Rachel Dankner
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.2025; 73(9): 2828. CrossRef

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RoBANS 2: A Revised Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions: Hyun-Ju Seo, Soo Young Kim, Yoon Jae Lee, Ji-Eun Park; Korean J Fam Med 2023;44(5):249-260. Published online July 7, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.23.0034

Abstract
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Assessment of the risk of bias is an essential component of any systematic review. This is true for both nonrandomized studies and randomized trials, which are the main study designs of systematic reviews. The Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonrandomized Studies (RoBANS) was developed in 2013 and has gained wide usage as a risk-of-bias assessment tool for nonrandomized studies. Four risk-of-bias assessment experts revised it by reviewing existing assessment tools and user surveys. The main modifications included additional domains of selection and detection bias susceptible to nonrandomized studies of interventions, a more detailed consideration of the comparability of participants, and more reliable and valid outcome measurements. A psychometric assessment of the revised RoBANS (RoBANS 2) revealed acceptable inter-rater reliability (weighted kappa, 0.25 to 0.49) and construct validity in which intervention effects of studies with an unclear or high risk of bias were overestimated. The RoBANS 2 has acceptable feasibility, fair-to-moderate reliability, and construct validity. It provides a comprehensive framework for allowing authors to assess and understand the plausible risk of bias in nonrandomized studies of interventions.

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Primary Dysmenorrhea: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Updates: Rania Itani, Lama Soubra, Samar Karout, Deema Rahme, Lina Karout, Hani M J Khojah; Korean J Fam Med 2022;43(2):101-108. Published online March 17, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.21.0103

Abstract
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Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is a common, disregarded, underdiagnosed, and inadequately treated complaint of both young and adult females. It is characterized by painful cramps in the lower abdomen, which start shortly before or at the onset of menses and which could last for 3 days. In particular, PD negatively impacts the quality of life (QOL) of young females and is the main reason behind their absenteeism from school or work. It is suggested that increased intrauterine secretion of prostaglandins F2α and E2 are responsible for the pelvic pain associated with this disorder. Its associated symptoms are physical and/or psychological. Its physical symptoms include headache, lethargy, sleep disturbances, tender breasts, various body pains, disturbed appetite, nausea, vomiting, constipation or diarrhea, and increased urination, whereas its psychological symptoms include mood disturbances, such as anxiety, depression, and irritability. While its diagnosis is based on patients’ history, symptoms, and physical examination, its treatment aims to improve the QOL through the administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, hormonal contraceptives, and/or the use of non-pharmacological aids (e.g., topical heat application and exercise). Patients must be monitored to measure their response to treatment, assess their adherence, observe potential side effects, and perform further investigations, if needed.

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Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor-Induced Non-allergic Perioral Angioedema: A Case-Based Scoping Review: Poramate Pitak-Arnnop, Keskanya Subbalekha, Chayawee Muangchan, Prim Auychai, Nattapong Sirintawat, Jean-Paul Meningaud, Andreas Neff; Korean J Fam Med 2023;44(1):2-10. Published online November 23, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.21.0095

Abstract
PDF

Patients with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)-induced angioedema (ACEIIA) may visit family physicians. The aim of this article was to describe a case of delayed-onset ACEIIA and to present a concise scoping review. Using a case report and a scoping review study design, we report a case of ACEIIA, with clinically confirmed diagnosis. The symptoms resolved after replacing the offending ACEI with another antihypertensive agent. After excluding other causes of perioral swelling and discontinuation of ACEI, the patient was symptom-free within a few days thereafter. Based on this case presentation, we performed a meta-narrative scoping review including up-todate diagnosis and management of ACEIIA, based on published data in English, French, and German from inception to April 1, 2021. Patients with angioedema of unknown origin should be cautiously examined to rule out oral diseases, including allergy to dental materials and drug-induced angioedema. Clinicopathological aspects and current treatment guidelines for ACEI-associated angioedema are also presented.

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Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor-Induced Angioedema Following Long-Term Lisinopril Use: Response to C1 Esterase Inhibitor Treatment
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Original Article

Association between Family Functionality and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Daniel Guerrero-Muñoz, Diana Salazar, Victoria Constain, Alvaro Perez, Carlos Andrés Pineda-Cañar, Herney Andrés García-Perdomo; Korean J Fam Med 2021;42(2):172-180. Published online June 10, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.19.0166

Abstract
PDF

Background
Different scales have attempted to assess various aspects of family dynamics and structures. Good family function seems to allow for better prognoses for basic diseases and appears to be a predictor of depression. The aim of this study was to determine the association between family functionality and depression.
Methods
This is a systematic review and meta-analysis including cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control studies using validated instruments such as the Family APGAR (Adaptability, Partnership, Growth, Affection, and Resolve) and Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale III. A search strategy was designed for the MEDLINE, Embase, Central, and LILACS databases along with data saturation through a search of unpublished literature from the onset of the databases to the present. The categorical variables are expressed in terms of odds ratios (OR), and the statistical analysis was carried out using Review Manager ver. 5.31 (The Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, UK) using forest plots with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). A fixed-effect model was used according to the expected heterogeneity, expressed in terms of I² . The risk of bias was evaluated using the MINORS (methodological index for non-randomized studies) tool.
Results
A total of 1,519 studies were found, of which 10 were selected for the qualitative synthesis and four were chosen for the meta-analysis. The result for the association between family dysfunction and depression yielded an OR (95% CI) of 3.72 (2.70 to 5.12) and I² of 24%.
Conclusion
Family dysfunction and depression are strongly associated.

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Review

Peer Review Process in Medical Journals: Young Gyu Cho, Hyun Ah Park; Korean J Fam Med 2013;34(6):372-376. Published online November 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2013.34.6.372

Abstract
PDF

Reviewers play key roles in manuscript processing and publication. This article describes in detail how the reviewer serves their two key roles as a gatekeeper of making publication recommendations for the editorial board and a consultant providing constructive comments to authors to improve the quality of the manuscripts to be published.

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Original Article

Effects of Having Usual Source of Care on Preventive Services and Chronic Disease Control: A Systematic Review: Min Young Kim, Ju Heon Kim, Il-Kwon Choi, In Hong Hwang, Soo Young Kim; Korean J Fam Med 2012;33(6):336-345. Published online November 27, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2012.33.6.336

Abstract
PDF

Background

Having usual source of care has been associated with improved receipt of preventive services and control of chronic diseases (such as hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia). The objective of this study was to examine whether having usual source of care is associated with improved receipt of preventive services and control of chronic diseases.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, CINAHL, KMbase, KoreaMed, RiSS4U, National Assembly Library, and KISS for studies released through May 31st 2011. Two authors independently extracted the data. We manually searched the references and twenty recent related articles on PubMed. To assess the risk of bias RoBANS tool was used.

Results

We identified 10 studies. Most having usual source of care were associated with improved receipt of preventive services (cervical cancer screening, clinical breast exam, mammogram, prostate cancer screening, and flu shot) compared with no usual source of care. However, gastric cancer and colon cancer screening were difficult to conclude and blood pressure checkup showed mixed results. Overall there was no association between having usual source of care and smoking behaviors and the effect on chronic disease control was difficult to conclude.

Conclusion

Having usual source of care was associated with improved receipt of preventive services and overall the results were consistent. So, the results suggested that having usual source of care may help to receive preventive services. Hereafter, cohort studies are needed to evaluate casual relationships and more studies are needed in various countries and systems.

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Review

Evidence Base Medicine and Pre-Appraised Resources.: Hyun Ah Park; Korean J Fam Med 2010;31(12):897-903. Published online December 20, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2010.31.12.897

Abstract
PDF

Despite wide acceptance of the idea of 'evidence based medicine (EBM)', there is still a huge gap between evidence and clinical practice. Pre-appraised resources help clinicians find correct answers to clinical questions more easily and rapidly. It will briefly explain the concept and history of EBM. Frequently used pre-appraised resources like as systematic review, evidence based guidelines, health technology assessment, synopses, and clinical information database systems are also introduced.

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Original Articles

Present Status of Papers on the Primary Care Quality Assessment in Korea.: Jae Wook Jeong, Nak Jin Sung; Korean J Fam Med 2009;30(7):525-532. Published online July 20, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2009.30.7.525

Abstract
PDF

Background
The analysis of the papers on the primary care quality assessment in Korea was performed to summarize existing papers, estimate the level of primary care quality, and suggest the directions and areas of the future research. Methods: Primary care quality-related papers were selected via internet web search engines which were Korean Journal of Family Medicine homepage, KMbase, and KoreaMed. Further papers were added after consultation to primary care quality assessment specialists in Korea. Results: The number of related papers was 29. Data collection was done mostly via mail or telephone questionnaire to suppliers, primary care physicians. Papers on resource capacity area were 11, on services delivery 4, on outcome by service 2, and on clinical performance 12. The total primary care score was low. The themes of clinical performance studies were common diseases in Korea. Conclusion: Research volume on primary care quality assessment was poor, especially on outcome area. Data collection methods and quality indicators are needed to diverse. Future researches using OECD health care quality indicators are needed to make international comparison possible, which fi nally contributes to primary care quality improvement in Korea.

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Ka Young Kim, Kangjin Lim, Eal Whan Park, Eun Young Choi, Yoo Seock Cheong
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Yu-Il Kim, Jee Young Hong, Kyoungwoo Kim, Eurah Goh, Nak-Jin Sung
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Evaluation of School-based Obesity Prevention and Management Program in Korean Children.: Kyung Hee Park, Sun Mi Yoo; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2006;27(6):471-480. Published online June 10, 2006

Abstract
PDF

Background
: Childhood and adolescent obesity are major health concern impacting on short and long-term health. Prevention programs for obesity through school channel are essential. With the increasing prevalence of obesity and overweight among children and adolescence since 1990's, obesity prevention and management have been pursued in Korea. Schools, where students spend much of their daytime, are in a unique position to play a pivotal role in performing obesity prevention and management programs. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of school-based interventions designed to prevent or manage obesity among elementary, middle, and high school students in Korea.

Methods : Electronic database were searched using the following key words; obesity, obesity prevention, obesity prevention program, child, adolescence, and effectiveness. In this systematic review, school-based programs were evaluated with the assessment items.

Results : Thirteen studies were included in the study. Most programs include at least one of the following components: dietary changes, physical activity, behavioral modifications, and parental participation. Studies that involved multidisciplinary measures including dietary education, increased physical activity, parental involvement and behavioral modification and studies focused on increased physical activity among subjects showed positive results. But the majority of studies were short-term and secondary prevention among children, not adolescents, not randomized, and without control. Few studies used validated questionnaires and process evaluation.

Conclusion : The development and application of evidence-based and feasible strategies in support of communities and families to the school-centered obesity prevention program are needed in the near future.