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"Sodium"

Case Report

Fasting is not always good: perioperative fasting leads to pronounced ketone body production in patients treated with SGLT2 inhibitors: a case report
Jae Chan Choi, Yo Nam Jang, Jong Hoon Lee, Sang Wook Park, Jeong A Park, Hye Sook Kim, Jae Won Choi, Joo Hyung Lee, Yong Jae Lee
Korean J Fam Med 2025;46(3):204-209.   Published online March 7, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.24.0210
Ketone bodies produced by sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors can be advantageous, providing an efficient and stable energy source for the brain and muscles. However, in patients with diabetes, ketogenesis induced by SGLT2 inhibitors may be harmful, potentially resulting in severe diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). During fasting, ketone body production serves as an alternative and efficient energy source for the brain by utilizing stored fat, promoting mental clarity, and reducing dependence on glucose. The concurrent use of SGLT2 inhibitors during perioperative fasting may further elevate the risk of euglycemic DKA. We describe a case of DKA that occurred during perioperative fasting in a patient receiving empagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor. This case underscores the importance of recognizing the potential risk of DKA in patients with diabetes using SGLT2 inhibitors during perioperative fasting.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Hidden risk of euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in emergency general surgery in the United States: a case report
    Laura Roberson, June Yao, Christina So, Brian Tuai
    Journal of Acute Care Surgery.2026; 16(1): 70.     CrossRef
  • 9,693 View
  • 118 Download
  • 1 Crossref

Original Articles

Examining the Association between Cigarette Smoking Quantity and Subjective Salt Taste Preference and Salt-Related Eating Behavior
Jian Ma, Yeon-Kyung Lee
Korean J Fam Med 2023;44(6):335-341.   Published online August 30, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.23.0027
Background
Smoking can reduce taste sensitivity, the ability to sense various tastes, and diet quality and can increase the incidence of diseases such as hypertension. This study aimed to analyze the association between the smoking amount, subjective salt preference, and salt-related eating behaviors.
Methods
Data of more than 16 million individuals from the Korean Community Health Survey were used. Forest plots were drawn to compare the cumulative odds ratios of salt taste preference and salt-related eating behaviors, adjusted for sex, age, body mass index, education level, household income, marital status, and drinking status at various smoking levels.
Results
Subjective salt preference and salt-related eating behaviors increased with smoking amount; the adjusted odds ratios (AORs) for smoking >20 cigarettes were higher than those for smoking <20 cigarettes. For daily smokers, the AOR was 1.27 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22–1.31) for 1–5 cigarettes per day and 1.68 (95% CI, 1.65–1.71) for 16–20 cigarettes per day (P<0.001). Smokers were more likely to have more frequent salt-related eating behaviors than nonsmokers.
Conclusion
The subjective salt preference of smokers was higher than that of nonsmokers. Additionally, smokers used salt or soy sauce and dipped fried food in soy sauce more frequently than nonsmokers, which was also related to smoking amount.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Effects of opioid blockade on taste perception across smoking status: an analysis of detection thresholds, intensity, and pleasantness
    Justin J. Anker, Mustafa al’Absi
    Journal of Neural Transmission.2025; 132(9): 1411.     CrossRef
  • Cross sectional study on the prevalence and associated factors of iodine status in the population of Lausanne
    Pauline Ducraux, Aurélien Thomas, Maïwenn Perrais, Julien Vaucher, Pedro Marques-Vidal
    Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Trend analysis and projection of gastric cancer burden linked to high sodium intake in China, Japan, Republic of Korea, and Mongolia (1990–2021): A comprehensive assessment based on the 2021 global burden of disease study
    Xiaohuang Yang, Shaoxing Chen, Canmei Zhong, Yadong Lai, Fenglin Chen, Ricardas Radisauskas
    PLOS One.2025; 20(12): e0338030.     CrossRef
  • 6,154 View
  • 71 Download
  • 4 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
The Relationship between Dietary Na/K Ratio and Bone Mineral Density in Korean Middle-Aged Women
Seong Su Choi, Yun-A Kim, Hyun Ji Kim, Yoon Jeong Cho, Geon Ho Lee
Korean J Fam Med 2023;44(1):21-27.   Published online January 19, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.21.0208
Background
Dietary Na+ or Na+/K+ ratio has been reported to be associated with bone mineral density (BMD). However, this remains unclear, and only a few studies have been reported on the Korean population. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the association between dietary Na+, K+, and Na+/K+ ratios and BMD in middle-aged Korean women.
Methods
This study used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2011. A total of 3,690 women aged >50 years were included. Study participants were classified into quartiles (lowest quartile Q1–highest quartile Q4) according to dietary Na+, K+, and Na+/K+ ratio, and we examined the association of these parameters with BMD. Total femur and lumbar spine BMD were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed using IBM SPSS ver. 19.0.
Results
The mean age was 62 years, and a significant negative trend in the β-coefficient regarding dietary Na+ was only observed in the total femur BMD. However, the total femur and lumbar spine BMD decreased from Q1 to Q4 regarding the dietary Na+/K+ ratio (P-value for trend: 0.044 for total femur BMD and 0.002 for lumbar spine BMD).
Conclusion
A significant negative trend in the β-coefficient for both total femur and lumbar spine BMD was observed regarding the Na+/K+ ratio. Therefore, based on the results of this study, a higher dietary Na+/K+ ratio may be associated with a lower BMD.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Mechanical and biological properties of sodium, potassium, and carbonate-containing strontium Hydroxyfluorapatite bioceramics
    Jihen Ben Slimen, Luís Javier Del Valle, Samira Jebahi, Mustapha Hidouri
    Chemical Physics Impact.2026; 12: 101050.     CrossRef
  • Bioactive Compounds and Health Functions of Plums: Current Status and Future Opportunities
    Ming-Qiang Xu, Samuel Ariyo Okaiyeto, Xiao-Xiao Niu, Qing-Hui Wang, Sriram K. Vidyarthi, Haiou Wang, Li-Zhen Deng, Parag Prakash Sutar, Hong-Wei Xiao
    Food Reviews International.2025; 41(5): 1360.     CrossRef
  • Does Changing the Ratio of Dietary Sodium-to-Potassium Intake Affect Bone Mineral Density?
    Soo Young Kim
    Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2023; 44(1): 1.     CrossRef
  • 6,707 View
  • 112 Download
  • 4 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
Dietary Changes Leading to Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitor Users: A Challenge for Primary Care Physicians?
Manoj Kumar Reddy Somagutta, Utkarsha Uday, Nishat Shama, Narayana Reddy Bathula, Siva Pendyala, Ashwini Mahadevaiah, Greta Mahmutaj, Ngaba Negumadji Ngardig
Korean J Fam Med 2022;43(6):361-366.   Published online November 20, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.22.0003
Background
The use of euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (EDKA) related to sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) use in people with diabetes has been increasingly reported. The causes are multifactorial, and dietary changes in SGLT2i users were observed to trigger EDKA. A ketogenic diet or very low-carbohydrate diet (VLCD) enhances body ketosis by breaking down fats into energy sources, causing EDKA. This study aimed to understand the patient specific risk factors and clinical characteristics of this cohort.
Methods
Several databases were carefully analyzed to understand the patients’ symptoms, clinical profile, laboratory results, and safety of dietary changes in SGLT2i’s. Thirteen case reports identifying 14 patients on a ketogenic diet and SGLT2i’s diagnosed with EDKA were reviewed.
Results
Of the 14 patients, 12 (85%) presented with type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and 2 (15%) presented with type-1 DM. The duration of treatment with SGLT2i before the onset of EDKA varies from 1 to 365 days. The duration of consuming a ketogenic diet or VLCD before EDKA onset varies from 1 to 90 days, with over 90% of patients hospitalized <4 weeks after starting the diet. At presentation, average blood glucose was 167.50±41.80 mg/dL, pH 7.10±0.10, HCO3 8.1±3.0 mmol/L, potassium 4.2±1.1 mEq/L, anion-gap 23.6±3.5 mmol/L, and the average hemoglobin A1c was 10%±2.4%. The length of hospital stay ranged from 1 to 15 days. None of the patients were reinitiated on SGLT2i’s, and 50% (2/4) of the patients reported were on the ketogenic diet or VLCD upon patient questioning.
Conclusion
Despite the popularity of the ketogenic diet and VLCD for weight loss, their use in diabetics taking SGLT2i’s is associated with EDKA. Physicians should educate patients with diabetes taking SGLT2i’s about the risk of EDKA. In addition, patients should be encouraged to include their physicians in any decision related to significant changes in diet or exercise routines. Further research is needed to address if SGLT2i’s should be permanently discontinued in patients with diabetes on SGLT2i and whether the ketogenic diet developed EDKA.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Clinical Suspicion and Diagnosis
    Ravi Shukla, Puja Shrestha, Binod Khanal, Bipal Regmi
    Clinical Medicine Insights: Endocrinology and Diabetes.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Perioperative management of patients taking sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors: Society for Perioperative Assessment and Quality Improvement (SPAQI) multidisciplinary consensus statement
    Adriana D. Oprea, Basma Mohamed, David L. Hepner, Moises Auron, Deborah C. Richman, Guillermo E. Umpierrez, Daniel Edmonston, Costin Ionescu, Mandeep Kumar, BobbieJean Sweitzer
    British Journal of Anaesthesia.2026; 136(6): 1776.     CrossRef
  • A Single Arm Pilot Observational Study to Evaluate the Safety and Feasibility of a Pre‐Operative Very Low Calorie Diet in Severely Obese Patients With Endometrial Cancer
    Chloe Ayres, Hanna Burbidge, Jayna Garratt, Ganendra Raj Mohan, Yee Leung, Stephanie Jeffares, Sanela Bilic, Paul A. Cohen
    Cancer Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Lifestyle prescriptions for diabetes management in primary care: a narrative review
    Hye Jun Lee, Jung-Ha Kim
    Ewha Medical Journal.2025; 48(4): e55.     CrossRef
  • From Sweet to Sour: SGLT-2-Inhibitor-Induced Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis
    Andrijana Koceva, Nika Aleksandra Kravos Tramšek
    Journal of Personalized Medicine.2024; 14(7): 665.     CrossRef
  • 6,232 View
  • 91 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • 5 Crossref
The Association between Urinary Sodium Excretion and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults from the 2010–2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Jeong Eun Seo, Hong Soo Lee, Sang Wha Lee, Kyung Won Shim, A Ri Byun, Jung Hwa Kim, Hee Jeong An, Hyejin Chun
Korean J Fam Med 2017;38(4):199-205.   Published online July 20, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2017.38.4.199
Background

The sodium intake of Koreans was higher than that recommended by the World Health Organization. Urinary sodium, which is correlated with sodium intake, can be easily calculated by the Tanaka's equation. This study aimed to evaluate the association between urinary sodium and metabolic syndrome in Korean adults using the 2010–2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).

Methods

A total of 5,870 participants from the 2010–2011 KNHANES were included in this study. Twenty-four hour urinary sodium was calculated by the Tanaka's equation using spot urine. Participants were divided into tertiles based on urinary sodium levels. The association between urinary sodium and metabolic syndrome was analyzed using multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results

The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of metabolic syndrome for the 2nd and 3rd tertile of urinary sodium levels was 1.51 (1.16–1.97) and 1.56 (1.23–1.97) compared to the lowest tertile of urinary sodium in men. The ORs and 95% CIs of metabolic syndrome in women were 1.20 (0.95–1.51) for the 2nd tertile and 2.16 (1.68–2.78) for the 3rd tertile. These associations remained statistically significant, even after adjusting for multiple covariates such as age, education, regular exercise, smoking, and alcohol consumption.

Conclusion

These findings indicate that urinary sodium is significantly associated with metabolic syndrome in Korean adults.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Associations of heavy metals and urinary sodium excretion with obesity in adults: A cross-sectional study from Korean Health Examination and Nutritional Survey
    Juyeon Lee, Sue K. Park, Iman Al-Saleh
    PLOS ONE.2025; 20(1): e0317190.     CrossRef
  • The relationship between excess sodium intake and metabolic syndrome: Worth consideration?
    Baris Afsar, Rengin Elsurer Afsar, Said Mowaffaq, Geetha Maddukuri, Krista L. Lentine
    European Journal of Clinical Investigation.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Impact of urinary sodium excretion on the prevalence and incidence of metabolic syndrome: a population-based study
    Lu Yin, Sidong Li, Yongmei He, Lin Yang, Li Wang, Chao Li, Yaqin Wang, Jing Wang, Pingting Yang, Jiangang Wang, Zhiheng Chen, Ying Li
    BMJ Open.2023; 13(4): e065402.     CrossRef
  • Association between childhood obesity and familial salt intake: analysis of data from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2014–2017
    Byung Min Yoo, Mijin Kim, Min Jae Kang
    Endocrine Journal.2021; 68(9): 1127.     CrossRef
  • Association of rheumatoid arthritis and high sodium intake with major adverse cardiovascular events: a cross-sectional study from the seventh Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    Jeong-Hyeon Bae, Min-Young Shin, Eun Ha Kang, Yun Jong Lee, You-Jung Ha
    BMJ Open.2021; 11(12): e056255.     CrossRef
  • Paucity of high‐quality studies reporting on salt and health outcomes from the science of salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes (April 2017 to March 2018)
    Kristina S. Petersen, Sarah Rae, Erik Venos, Daniela Malta, Kathy Trieu, Joseph Alvin Santos, Sudhir Raj Thout, Jacqui Webster, Norm R. C. Campbell, JoAnne Arcand
    The Journal of Clinical Hypertension.2019; 21(2): 307.     CrossRef
  • Evaluation and implications of salt intake and excretion
    Decio Armanini, Luciana Bordin, Gabriella Donà, Alessandra Andrisani, Guido Ambrosini, Marco Boscaro, Chiara Sabbadin
    The Journal of Clinical Hypertension.2019; 21(7): 950.     CrossRef
  • Associations of urinary sodium levels with overweight and central obesity in a population with a sodium intake
    Juyeon Lee, Yunji Hwang, Kyoung-Nam Kim, Choonghyun Ahn, Ho Kyung Sung, Kwang-Pil Ko, Kook-Hwan Oh, Curie Ahn, Young Joo Park, Suhnggwon Kim, Young-Khi Lim, Sue K. Park
    BMC Nutrition.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Sodium Intake Estimated from Spot Urine Samples and the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    Young Gyu Cho
    Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2017; 38(4): 171.     CrossRef
  • 11,645 View
  • 44 Download
  • 9 Web of Science
  • 9 Crossref
Efficacy of Carboxymethylcellulose and Hyaluronate in Dry Eye Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Jae Kyeong Song, Kiheon Lee, Hwa Yeon Park, Joon Young Hyon, Seung-Won Oh, Woo Kyung Bae, Jong-Soo Han, Se Young Jung, Yoo Jin Um, Ga-Hye Lee, Ji Hye Yang
Korean J Fam Med 2017;38(1):2-7.   Published online January 18, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2017.38.1.2
Background

The efficacy of two artificial tears, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and hyaluronate (HA), was compared in the treatment of patients with dry eye disease.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials in the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases. The efficacy was compared in terms of the mean change from baseline in tear break-up time. The meta-analysis was conducted using both random and fixed effect models. The quality of the selected studies was assessed for risk of bias.

Results

Five studies were included involving 251 participants. Random effect model meta-analysis showed no significant difference between CMC and HA in treating dry eye disease (pooled standardized mean difference [SMD]=-0.452; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.911 to 0.007; P=0.053). In contrast, fixed effect model meta-analysis revealed significant improvements in the CMC group when compared to the HA group (pooled SMD=-0.334; 95% CI, -0.588 to -0.081; P=0.010).

Conclusion

The efficacy of CMC appeared to be better than that of HA in treating dry eye disease, although meta-analysis results were not statistically significant. Further research is needed to better elucidate the difference in efficacy between CMC and HA in treating dry eye disease.

Citations

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  • Biophysical Interactions of Silicon Quantum Dots With Human Tears and Dry Eye Drops: A Langmuir Trough Study
    Sidra Sarwat, Mark Willcox, Fiona Stapleton, Maitreyee Roy
    Translational Vision Science & Technology.2026; 15(1): 10.     CrossRef
  • A dual-function rebamipide cubogel for enhanced ocular penetration and tear film restoration: optimization, safety, and in-vivo evaluation
    Mayar Salama, Islam M. Adel, Randa Tag, Ahmed R. Fares
    Drug Delivery and Translational Research.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • A comparison between hyaluronic acid and other single ingredient eye drops for dry eye, a review
    Leif Hynnekleiv, Morten Magno, Emily Moschowits, Kim Alexander Tønseth, Jelle Vehof, Tor P. Utheim
    Acta Ophthalmologica.2024; 102(1): 25.     CrossRef
  • Comparative efficacy of cyclosporine 0.1%, rebamipide 2%, and carboxymethylcellulose-cyclosporine 0.05% combination eye drops in the management of dry eye disease among the Indian population
    Abhinav Goyal, Khushboo Bansal
    Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology.2024; 10(1): 89.     CrossRef
  • Artificial Tears: A Systematic Review
    David A Semp, Danielle Beeson, Amy L Sheppard, Debarun Dutta, James S Wolffsohn
    Clinical Optometry.2023; Volume 15: 9.     CrossRef
  • Characteristics of Hyaluronic Acid and Its Use in Ocular Surface Diseases Including Dry Eye
    Jinu Kim, Jae Woong Koh, Hyuk Jin Choi, Yong-Soo Byun, Ji Won Jung, Sang-Mok Lee
    Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society.2023; 64(2): 170.     CrossRef
  • Novel carboxymethyl cellulose based nanocomposite: A promising biomaterial for biomedical applications
    Mehrab Pourmadadi, Erfan Rahmani, Amin Shamsabadipour, Amirmasoud Samadi, Javad Esmaeili, Rabia Arshad, Abbas Rahdar, Fariborz Tavangarian, Sadanand Pandey
    Process Biochemistry.2023; 130: 211.     CrossRef
  • Comparing the efficacy of sodium hyaluronate eye drops and carboxymethylcellulose eye drops in treating mild to moderate dry eye disease
    Sreelakshmi Salim, Sumana J Kamath, Sangeetha Jeganathan, Shobha G Pai, Teena Mariet Mendonca, Ajay R Kamath
    Indian Journal of Ophthalmology.2023; 71(4): 1593.     CrossRef
  • Dry eye syndrome: comprehensive etiologies and recent clinical trials
    Ruojing Huang, Caiying Su, Lvjie Fang, Jiaqi Lu, Jiansu Chen, Yong Ding
    International Ophthalmology.2022; 42(10): 3253.     CrossRef
  • Short-term Efficacy and Safety of Biological Tear Substitutes and Topical Secretagogues for Dry Eye Disease: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis
    Passara Jongkhajornpong, Thunyarat Anothaisintawee, Kaevalin Lekhanont, Pawin Numthavaj, Gareth McKay, John Attia, Ammarin Thakkinstian
    Cornea.2022; 41(9): 1137.     CrossRef
  • Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promote Corneal Wound Repair by Regulating Inflammation and Angiogenesis
    Gabriele Saccu, Valeria Menchise, Chiara Gai, Marina Bertolin, Stefano Ferrari, Cristina Giordano, Marta Manco, Walter Dastrù, Emanuela Tolosano, Benedetta Bussolati, Enzo Calautti, Giovanni Camussi, Fiorella Altruda, Sharmila Fagoonee
    Cells.2022; 11(23): 3892.     CrossRef
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    Gloria Huerta Ángeles, Kristina Nešporová
    Carbohydrate Polymers.2021; 259: 117697.     CrossRef
  • A Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Hyaluronic Acid Eye Drops for the Treatment of Dry Eye Syndrome
    Yun-Jung Yang, Won-Young Lee, Young-jin Kim, Yeon-pyo Hong
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(5): 2383.     CrossRef
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    Sang Yun Jeong, Woo Hee Choi, Seong Gyeong Jeon, Sookon Lee, Jong-Moon Park, Mira Park, Hookeun Lee, Helen Lew, Jongman Yoo
    Stem Cell Research & Therapy.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    JAMA Ophthalmology.2019; 137(7): 775.     CrossRef
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    Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie.2018; 41(5): 407.     CrossRef
  • Regenerative Therapies in Dry Eye Disease: From Growth Factors to Cell Therapy
    Antonio Villatoro, Viviana Fernández, Silvia Claros, Cristina Alcoholado, Manuel Cifuentes, Jesús Merayo-Lloves, José Andrades, José Becerra
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2017; 18(11): 2264.     CrossRef
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  • 20 Crossref
Review
Edema.
Dong Wook Jeong, Sang Yeoup Lee
Korean J Fam Med 2010;31(11):829-836.   Published online November 20, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2010.31.11.829
Generalized or localized edema is a very common symptom in primary care. Edema is developed from an imbalance in the filtration system between the vessel and interstitial spaces. A systematic approach is extremely important to determine the underlying diagnosis, because its management plan depends on the cause of edema. Treatment includes sodium restriction, diuretic use, appropriate management of the underlying disorder, et al. This review can be helpful in establishing the management of edema in clinical practice.

Citations

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  • Effect of Gyrokinesis Exercise on Lower Extremity Edema, Balance Ability, and Fatigue in office Women Workers
    Mi-Kyung Kim, Kyoung-Bin Min
    The Asian Journal of Kinesiology.2024; 26(3): 47.     CrossRef
  • A Case Study of Eyelid Edema Post Craniotomy
    Seo-young Kim, Jeong-woo Choi, Tae-bin Yim, Hye-jin Lee, Seung-yeon Cho, Seong-uk Park, Jung-mi Park, Chang-nam Ko
    The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine.2021; 42(5): 939.     CrossRef
  • Etiologies and Underlying Diseases of Leg Edema in Elderly Patients
    Seung Gyu Han, Youn Kyung Kee, Sung Woo Moon, Chang-Yun Yoon, Eunyoung Lee, Young Su Joo, In Mee Han, Eun Young Lee, Chang Oh Kim
    Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society.2014; 18(2): 78.     CrossRef
  • 5,670 View
  • 379 Download
  • 3 Crossref
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