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"Terminal Cancer"

Original Articles
The Association between Pain and Depression, Anxiety, and Cognitive Function among Advanced Cancer Patients in the Hospice Ward
Hae Jin Ko, Se Jung Seo, Chang Ho Youn, Hyo Min Kim, Seung Eun Chung
Korean J Fam Med 2013;34(5):347-356.   Published online September 26, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2013.34.5.347
Background

Pain is the most common but severe physical symptom among cancer patients. This study aimed to identify correlation between pain and psychological symptoms for terminal cancer patients.

Methods

The total sample consisted of 69 subjects who were recruited through two hospice wards, limited to patients who were mentally alert and had no psychiatric diseases. The subjects were divided into two groups according to the numerical rating scale: the pain-free group, 0 to 3 points; and the pain group, 4 to 10 points. We used the Beck depression inventory (BDI), Beck anxiety inventory (BAI), mini-mental status examination-Korea (MMSE-K), and short form 36 health survey (SF-36). Logistic regression analysis was performed to verify the correlation between pain and other psychosocial disorders.

Results

The mean scores of BDI in the pain-free and pain groups were 25.7 and 31.5; mean BAI scores were 23.4 and 34.7; mean MMSE-K scores were 25.7 and 21.8, respectively. There were no significant differences between the two groups in SF-36 score except scores of body pain. The results of logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, marital status, types of cancer, history of chemotherapy, or radiotherapy showed significant correlation between pain and depression (BDI ≥ 24; odds ratio [OR], 4.199; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.171 to 15.060), and pain and cognitive impairment (MMSE < 24; OR, 5.495; 95% CI, 1.449 to 20.843); but not between pain and anxiety (BAI ≥ 22; OR, 3.011; 95% CI, 0.907 to 9.997).

Conclusion

Pain significantly affects depression and cognitive impairment among advanced cancer patients in the hospice ward. Accordingly, more aggressive treatment of pain is required to reduce not only physical suffering but also physiological distress.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Exploring the influencing factors of subjective cognitive function in patients with advanced cancer pain: a cross-sectional study utilizing latent profile analysis
    Hongyu Zhu, Xi Ke, Yunzhen Pen, Meiqun Lin, Huiqun Chen, Rong Qi, Huiyu Luo
    Scientific Reports.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Does the coexistence of pain and depressive symptoms accelerate cognitive decline?
    Patrícia Silva Tofani, Roberta de Oliveira Máximo, Natália Cochar-Soares, Paula Camila Ramírez, Mariane Marques Luiz, Sara Souza Lima, Thaís Barros Pereira da Silva, Thales Batista de Souza, Letícia Coelho Silveira, Valdete Regina Guandalini, Andrew Stept
    Aging & Mental Health.2025; 29(2): 334.     CrossRef
  • Patient-Controlled Analgesia for Managing Pain in Adults Receiving Palliative Care: A Scoping Review
    Courtney M. Hicks, Megan A. Dyck, Lynn Martin, Dawn M. Guthrie, Shannon L. Stewart, John P. Hirdes
    Pain Management Nursing.2025; 26(4): 361.     CrossRef
  • Cancer pain and quality of life structural equation model based on the biopsychosocial model
    Xiaoyu Hu, Jingjing Lü, Chang Qin, Xiaoxuan Liu, Jianbiao Zhu, Yongchun Cui
    BMC Cancer.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Pain and Cognitive Concerns Among Breast Cancer Survivors: The Mediating Role of Substance Use Coping
    Yesol Yang, Alai Tan, Leorey N. Saligan, Diane Von Ah
    Cancer Medicine.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Comorbid symptoms in cancer patients and caring for the caregiver
    Sumita M. Strander, Daniel Chiu, Jennifer S. Temel, Jamie M. Jacobs, Deborah A. Forst
    Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology.2025; 47(8): 874.     CrossRef
  • Cognitive function and its associated factors among patients with cancer pain: a multicentre cross-sectional study in China
    Hongyu Zhu, Rongbo Lin, Jianyi Wang, ShuFang Ruan, Tingting Hu, Yan Lei, Xi Ke, Huiyu Luo
    BMJ Open.2024; 14(1): e071417.     CrossRef
  • Worse Depression Profiles Are Associated With Higher Symptom Burden and Poorer Quality of Life in Patients With Gynecologic Cancer
    Alejandra Calvo-Schimmel, Marilyn J. Hammer, Alexi A. Wright, Stephanie V. Blank, Bevin Cohen, Carolyn Harris, Joosun Shin, Yvette Conley, Steven Paul, Bruce Cooper, Jon D. Levine, Christine Miaskowski
    Cancer Nursing.2024; 47(6): E404.     CrossRef
  • Top Ten Tips Palliative Care Clinicians Should Know About the Physical Manifestations of Psychiatric Illness and Treatment
    Gregg A. Robbins-Welty, Daniel Shalev, Paul A. Riordan, Paul Noufi, Jason A. Webb, Keri O. Brenner, William E. Rosa, Danielle Chammas
    Journal of Palliative Medicine.2024; 27(11): 1531.     CrossRef
  • Pain and Cognition of Breast Cancer Survivors Treated with Chemotherapy: The Mediating Role of Depression
    Yesol Yang, Jeehee Han, Todd B. Monroe, Sue Kim
    Seminars in Oncology Nursing.2024; 40(5): 151693.     CrossRef
  • Effect of mHealth plus occupational therapy on cognitive function, mood and physical function in people after cancer: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial
    Mario Lozano-Lozano, Noelia Galiano-Castillo, Angela Gonzalez-Santos, Lucía Ortiz-Comino, Marc Sampedro-Pilegaard, Lydia Martín-Martín, Manuel Arroyo-Morales
    Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine.2023; 66(2): 101681.     CrossRef
  • Impact of worst pain severity and morning fatigue profiles on oncology outpatients’ symptom burden and quality of life
    Brittany Bouvron, Lynda Mackin, Kord M. Kober, Steven M. Paul, Bruce A. Cooper, Yvette P. Conley, Marilyn J. Hammer, Fay Wright, Jon D. Levine, Christine Miaskowski
    Supportive Care in Cancer.2022; 30(12): 9929.     CrossRef
  • Cancer Pain
    Marzieh Khatooni
    Professional Case Management.2021; 26(6): 275.     CrossRef
  • Evidence for Cognitive Decline in Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    Xueying Zhang, Rui Gao, Changteng Zhang, Hai Chen, Ruiqun Wang, Qi Zhao, Tao Zhu, Chan Chen
    Frontiers in Neuroscience.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Item-level psychometrics of a brief self-reported memory problem screening measure in breast cancer survivors
    Pascal Jean-Pierre, Ying Cheng, Raheem J. Paxton
    Acta Oncologica.2020; 59(3): 358.     CrossRef
  • The Relationship between Depressive Symptoms and Demographic-Medical Characteristics among Elder People with Cancer
    Sepideh Ladaninejad, Ehteramsadat Ilali, Nouroeddin Mousavinasab, Zohreh Taraghi
    Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing.2019; 6(4): 424.     CrossRef
  • Relationship between physicians' perceived stigma toward depression and physician referral to psycho‐oncology services on an oncology/hematology ward
    Won‐Hyoung Kim, Jae‐Nam Bae, Joohan Lim, Moon‐Hee Lee, Bong‐Jin Hahm, Hyeon Gyu Yi
    Psycho-Oncology.2018; 27(3): 824.     CrossRef
  • Brain gray matter alterations in Chinese patients with chronic knee osteoarthritis pain based on voxel-based morphometry
    Xia Liao, Cuiping Mao, Yuan Wang, Qingfeng Zhang, Dongyuan Cao, David A. Seminowicz, Ming Zhang, Xiaoli Yang
    Medicine.2018; 97(12): e0145.     CrossRef
  • Prevalence and Pattern of Craniofacial Pain and Headache in Danish Patients with Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder
    Gebbie Ann Rodriguez Nielsen, Helle Hvilsted Nielsen, Zsolt Laszlo Illés, Parisa Gazerani
    European Neurological Review.2018; 13(1): 44.     CrossRef
  • Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction Induced by Different Surgical Methods and Its Risk Factors
    Guo-Liang Gong, Bin Liu, Jia-Xuan Wu, Ji-Yuan Li, Bai-Qing Shu, Zhi-Jian You
    The American Surgeon™.2018; 84(9): 1531.     CrossRef
  • Health-related quality of life effects of enzalutamide in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: an in-depth post hoc analysis of EQ-5D data from the PREVAIL trial
    Nancy Devlin, Michael Herdman, Marco Pavesi, De Phung, Shevani Naidoo, Tomasz M. Beer, Bertrand Tombal, Yohann Loriot, Cristina Ivanescu, Teresa Parli, Mark Balk, Stefan Holmstrom
    Health and Quality of Life Outcomes.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Cognitive deficits in chronic pain patients, in a brief screening test, are independent of comorbidities and medication use
    Karen dos Santos Ferreira, Gabriela Zucatto Oliver, Débora Carinhato Thomaz, Caroliny Trevisan Teixeira, Maria Paula Foss
    Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria.2016; 74(5): 361.     CrossRef
  • Mutual relationship between anxiety and pain in the intensive care unit and its effect on medications
    Jooyoung Oh, Jeong-Hyun Sohn, Cheung Soo Shin, Se Hee Na, Hyung-Jun Yoon, Jae-Jin Kim, Sunyoung Park, Jin Young Park
    Journal of Critical Care.2015; 30(5): 1043.     CrossRef
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  • 23 Crossref
Delirium in the Final Weeks of Terminally Ill Cancer Patients.
Hi Jung Cho, Hyun Ki Kim, Kyung Kon Kim, Yu Il Kim, Sang Yeon Suh, Kyung Hee Cho, Hee Chul Kang, Bang Bu Youn
Korean J Fam Med 2009;30(4):285-291.   Published online April 20, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2009.30.4.285
Background
s: In terminally ill cancer patients, delirium must be considered to be important clinically and for the quality of life. We reviewed cases of delirium in hospitalized cancer patients with the aim to recognize and treat delirium. Methods: We reviewed retrospectively the medical records of patients admitted with terminal cancer from April 2003 to April 2004 in the department of family medicine, National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital. A total of 71 patients were evaluated with age, sex, oncological diagnosis, metastases, morphine (oral morphine equivalents/day, OME) use and amount, sedatives use, duration from delirium to death, and laboratory fi ndings. Analysis was conducted to fi nd the characteristics of delirium patients and to quantify the relationship between delirium and predicting factors. Results: Among 71 cases, those patients who developed delirium were 41 (57.7%). Among them, gastric cancer was the most common diagnosis with 10 patients (24.4%), followed by colon and lung cancers (9: 22%, 5: 12.2%). The patients receiving sedatives or morphines were 24 (58.5%) and 28 (68.3%), respectively. The mean amount of morphine was 168.6 ± 125.5 mg OME/day. Hyperbilirubinemia (4.2 ± 9.2 mg/dL) and hyponatremia (132.5 ± 4.5 mM/L) were found. Not only bone metastasis and the use of morphine or sedatives but serum Na were signifi cant (P = 0.047; P < 0.001; P = 0.069; P = 0.029). By logistic regression analyses, the occurrence of delirium was increased with decreased serum Na (odds ratio [95% CI] 0.798 [0.649-0.981]) and increased use of sedatives (5.955 [1.080-32.835]).Conclusion: In terminally ill cancer patients, the risk factors of delirium were bone metastasis, the use of morphine or sedatives, and serum Na level. Among these, the use of sedatives and serum Na level were independent risk factors.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Risk factors for delirium in advanced cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    Yating Guo, Yan Mu, Tingting Wu, Qian Xu, Xiuxia Lin
    European Journal of Oncology Nursing.2023; 62: 102267.     CrossRef
  • Validation of Modified Models of Objective Prognostic Score in Patients With Advanced Cancer
    Seok-Joon Yoon, Sang-Yeon Suh, Yusuke Hiratsuka, Sung-Eun Choi, Sun-Hyun Kim, Su-Jin Koh, Shin Ae Park, Ji-Yeon Seo, Jung Hye Kwon, Jeanno Park, Youngmin Park, Sun Wook Hwang, Eon Sook Lee, Hong-Yup Ahn, Shao-Yi Cheng, Ping-Jen Chen, Takashi Yamaguchi, Sa
    Journal of Palliative Medicine.2023; 26(8): 1064.     CrossRef
  • Association between Principal Diagnosis with Mental Diseases among Inpatients
    Sung-Soo Kim
    Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2022; 47(1): 57.     CrossRef
  • Retrospective Cohort Study on the Administration of Sedative for Delirium in Terminally Ill Cancer Patients and Survival Time
    Hyoung Sook Park, Dae Sook Kim, Eun Hee Bae, Jung Rim Kim, Jung Hwa Seo, Jung Mi Yun
    The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2016; 19(2): 119.     CrossRef
  • Risk Factors Related to Development of Delirium in Hospice Patients
    Hae Jin Ko, Chang Ho Youn, Seung Eun Chung, A Sol Kim, Hyo Min Kim
    The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2014; 17(3): 170.     CrossRef
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Validation of Scoring System for Survival Prediction in Terminal Cancer Patients in Korea.
In Chul Lee, Chan Kyong Kim, Sang Yeon Suh, Young Sung Kim, Kyung Hee Cho, Hee Cheol Kang, Bang Bu Youn
J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007;28(9):682-689.   Published online September 10, 2007
Background
Accurate prediction of survival in terminal cancer patients is important for planning effective palliative care. But, the prediction of survival most often relies on the physicians' prediction. Recently, simple prognostic scores such as Palliative Prognostic Index and Palliative Prognostic Score have been developed to estimate duration of survival. The aim of this study was to validate these prognostic scores and physicians' prediction for terminally ill cancer patients in Korea to determine its value in clinical practice. Methods: The subjects of this study were 40 terminal cancer inpatients of one hospital who died between March to May 2005. All patients' Palliative Prognostic Index, Palliative Prognostic Score, and physicians' prediction were recorded on admission by a physician. Results: When a Palliative Prognostic Index of more than 6 was adopted as a cut-off point 3 weeks' survival was predicted with a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 60%. When the three groups were grouped by Palliative Prognostic Scores (group A: ≤5.5, group B: 5.6∼11, group C: >11), the 30 day survival probability were 60% for group A, 16.7% for group B, and 4.3% for group C, respectively. Physicians' prediction showed moderate correlation (correlation coefficient=0.604) with actual survival and had a tendency to overestimate survival. Conclusion: Palliative Prognostic Index was proved to be a reliable survival prediction tool in Korea. Palliative Prognostic Score had a tendency to overestimate survival as compared with other studies. Physicians' prediction had a correlation with actual survival, and it was presumed to be more accurate when combined with other prognostic score. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007;28: 682-689)
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The factual survey of using sedative agents in terminal cancer patients.
Mi Hong Ahn, Chang Hwan Yeom, Hye Ree Lee
J Korean Acad Fam Med 2002;23(4):521-526.   Published online April 1, 2002
Background
: In terminal cancer patients, alleviation of suffering is as important as the cure of disease. But their symptoms are often intractable. In such a case, sedation is usually considered to relieve these refractory symptoms. However, the decision to sedate has been an ethical concern to health care worker because of an effect on survival time of cancer patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of sedation in terminal cancer patients and its relationship with intractable symptoms.

Methods : One hundred and fifty six patients admitted to National Heath Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital, Department of Family Medicine for hospice care from September 2000 to the end of October 2001 were enrolled in the study. Demographic data, clinical symptoms, the use of sedation, the choice of medication, reasons for administration, and frequency were recorded.

Results : There were 81(51.9%) men and 75(48.1%) women. The mean age was 64.6±13.3 years. The primary sites of cancer were stomach 36(23.1%), lung 27(17.3%), and colo-rectal 19(12.2%). Common symptoms were pain, nausea/vomiting, and dyspnea. Among the subjects, 55(35.3%) receive sedation. The drugs used for sedation were lorazepam in 37(67.3%), haloperidol in 21(38.2%), and diazepam in 18(32.7%). Sedation was administered to relieve insomnia in 20(36.4%), agitated delirium in 20(36.4%), severe pain in 9(16.4%), dyspnea in 5(8.0%), and nausea/ vomiting in 1(1.8%)

Conclusion : Among the subjects, 55(35.3%) of 156 terminal cancer patients received sedation. Though most common symptoms were pain and dyspnea, the use of sedation was mostly limited to insomnia and delirium. Therefore, the use of sedation is not yet prevalent in Korea.
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The comparison of the medical costs and quality of life in terminal cancer patients by the types of medical facilities.
Chang Hwan Yeom, Youn Seon Choi, Hye Ree Lee, Jae Yong Shim, Young Seon Hong, Wha Sook Choe, Young Ran Park
J Korean Acad Fam Med 2000;21(3):332-343.   Published online March 1, 2000
Background
: Life expectancy is ever increasing due to medical advancements, but cancer death rate is also increased. Quality of life is an important issue in cancer patients. Despite developments of early diagnosis and treatments for cancer, the medical costs is increasing due to extended survival against cancer and the absolute numbers of terminal cancer patients. We assessed the medical costs and quality of life in terminal cancer patients by the types of medical facilities, which would contribute to effective management.
Method: A total 159 patients (males 70, females 89) with terminal cancer patients who were treated and died in various types of medical facilities(home hospice, charity hospital hospice unit, university hospital hospice unit, university hospital non-hospice unit) between November 1, 1997 and January 31, 1999 were included in the study. After the confirmation that the demographic factors correlated with factors of quality of life, the differences in the medical costs and quality of life(pain, depression, ADLs, family APGAR score) during the last 1 week of life in the various types of medical facilities analyzed by multi-way ANOVA with interaction of the significant demographic factors.

Results : The mean cost of types of medical facilities during the last week of patients as 65,332.5 won in charity hospital hospice unit, 105,165.5 won in home hospice, 702,083.4 won in university hospital hospice unit, and 1,037,358.6 won in university hospital non-hospice unit. The difference between free hospital hospice unit and home hospice in medical costs as not statistically significant, but the difference among charity hospital hospice unit and home hospice, university hospital hospice unit, and university hospital non-hospice unit as significant (p<0.001). The demographical factors of quality of life in terms of pain, depression, ADLs, and family APGAR score were compared among various facilities. The ADL score of home hospice was 8.2±3.3, which was lower than free hospital hospice unit and university hospital hospice unit(p<0.05). The mean pain score of home hospice as 1.7±1.7 and that of university hospital hospice as 1.2±1.2, and pain scores of home hospice were lower than free hospital hospice unit, and pain scores of university hospital hospice were lower than free hospital hospice unit and university hospital non-hospice unit(p<0.05). In depressions categorical scale of home hospice the score was 4.8±1.3, which was higher than those of free hospital hospice unit and university hospital non-hispice unit(p<0.05), signifying less depression. The family APGAR score was statistically insignificant among various types of medical facilities.

Conclusion : The cost of hospice care is less than the non-hospice care. We found that the patients of home hospice experienced less pain and depression even with low ADLs, and increased the quality of life in both psychological and physical aspects.
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Behavior patterns of health care utilization in terminal cancer patients.
Young Ho Yun, Dae Seog Heo, Hyo Yee Jeon, Tai Woo Yoo, You Young Kim, Bong Yul Huh
J Korean Acad Fam Med 1998;19(6):445-451.   Published online June 1, 1998
Background
: In order to improve the quality of life of dying patients so that they may die with dignity, they need to receive not only the physical, psychological, social, and spiritual care, but also systematic and continuous care. However, there is no adequate medical service at present. We studied terminal cancer patients' behavior patterns of health care utilization, the problems of caring for the patient, and medical services that bereaved families suggested for terminal cancer patients and their families.

Methods : From 271 patients' families who participated in our hospice program from March 1991 to February 1996, 108 bereaved families whom we could have contacted were interviewed by three student nurses with a structured questionnaire.

Results : The terminal cancer patients received their medical care through admission to hospital(45.4%), outpatient clinic(22.2%), emergency room(16.7%), and oriental medicine(12.0%). But during their terminal phase of the illness, 32.4% of patients never received medical care including oriental medicine, and 28.7% received alternative medicine care such as intake of mushroom and elm tree. 26 bereaved families(24.1%) pointed out the indifference of the medical team as a problem receiving proper hospital care, and 22 bereaved families(20.4%) emphasized emotional strain of their helplessness with the patient's suffering as a problem of caring for the patient at home. Over 90% of bereaved families from their experience suggested needs of continuous care, hospice care, home care, and 24hr telephone service.

Conclusion : There were inappropriate behavior patterns of health care utilization which resulted in large proportion of terminal cancer patients received alternative medicine never receiving proper medical care. Therefore, there is a need to develop the continuous and comprehensive care for terminal cancer patients and their family, such as hospice.
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