A 50-year-old man was found to have purple discoloration of the urine. He was on long-term urinary catheterization. He was asymptomatic, and urinalysis did not suggest a urinary tract infection. Purple urine bag syndrome resolved with a change of the urinary catheter and bag. He was prescribed regular laxatives and passed stools regularly.

Citations

• Purple urine bag syndrome: An unusual presentation of urinary tract infection: A case series and literature review
  Mohammed F. Basehi, Fatimah H. Dallak, Atheer I. Darraj, Sultan J. Almalki
  Medicine.2025; 104(38): e44638.     CrossRef
• Violet discoloration of urine: A case report and a literature review
  Muthanna Saraireh, Sahem Gharaibeh, Mohammad Araydah, Sarah Al Sharie, Fadi Haddad, Arqam Alrababah
  Annals of Medicine and Surgery.2021; 68: 102570.     CrossRef

Citations

• Associations of heavy metals and urinary sodium excretion with obesity in adults: A cross-sectional study from Korean Health Examination and Nutritional Survey
  Juyeon Lee, Sue K. Park, Iman Al-Saleh
  PLOS ONE.2025; 20(1): e0317190.     CrossRef
• The relationship between excess sodium intake and metabolic syndrome: Worth consideration?
  Baris Afsar, Rengin Elsurer Afsar, Said Mowaffaq, Geetha Maddukuri, Krista L. Lentine
  European Journal of Clinical Investigation.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Impact of urinary sodium excretion on the prevalence and incidence of metabolic syndrome: a population-based study
  Lu Yin, Sidong Li, Yongmei He, Lin Yang, Li Wang, Chao Li, Yaqin Wang, Jing Wang, Pingting Yang, Jiangang Wang, Zhiheng Chen, Ying Li
  BMJ Open.2023; 13(4): e065402.     CrossRef
• Association between childhood obesity and familial salt intake: analysis of data from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2014–2017
  Byung Min Yoo, Mijin Kim, Min Jae Kang
  Endocrine Journal.2021; 68(9): 1127.     CrossRef
• Association of rheumatoid arthritis and high sodium intake with major adverse cardiovascular events: a cross-sectional study from the seventh Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
  Jeong-Hyeon Bae, Min-Young Shin, Eun Ha Kang, Yun Jong Lee, You-Jung Ha
  BMJ Open.2021; 11(12): e056255.     CrossRef
• Paucity of high‐quality studies reporting on salt and health outcomes from the science of salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes (April 2017 to March 2018)
  Kristina S. Petersen, Sarah Rae, Erik Venos, Daniela Malta, Kathy Trieu, Joseph Alvin Santos, Sudhir Raj Thout, Jacqui Webster, Norm R. C. Campbell, JoAnne Arcand
  The Journal of Clinical Hypertension.2019; 21(2): 307.     CrossRef
• Evaluation and implications of salt intake and excretion
  Decio Armanini, Luciana Bordin, Gabriella Donà, Alessandra Andrisani, Guido Ambrosini, Marco Boscaro, Chiara Sabbadin
  The Journal of Clinical Hypertension.2019; 21(7): 950.     CrossRef
• Associations of urinary sodium levels with overweight and central obesity in a population with a sodium intake
  Juyeon Lee, Yunji Hwang, Kyoung-Nam Kim, Choonghyun Ahn, Ho Kyung Sung, Kwang-Pil Ko, Kook-Hwan Oh, Curie Ahn, Young Joo Park, Suhnggwon Kim, Young-Khi Lim, Sue K. Park
  BMC Nutrition.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Sodium Intake Estimated from Spot Urine Samples and the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
  Young Gyu Cho
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2017; 38(4): 171.     CrossRef

Background
The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and the urine cotinine concentrations in Korean adolescents. Methods: Study population was 1st grade adolescents (N=1467, girls 22.2%) recruited from four high schools, two from Seoul, one from Kangleung and one from Woolsan. We obtained information for active smoking and ETS exposure through self-reported questionnaire and urine cotinine concentrations. Results: The prevalence of active smoking was 6.9% in boys and 0.9% in girls. Median urine cotinine concentrations were 19.5 Ռg/L (range, 0-2341 Ռg/L) among smokers, and 0 Ռg/L (range, 0-1359 Ռg/L) among nonsmokers. The positive rate of urine cotinine among nonsmokers exposed to ETS was 2.9%. Boys were exposed to ETS at PC room (79.6%), home (39.4%), school (11.5%), and public places (5.9%); girls were exposed at home (40.9%), PC room (33.2%), public places (28.0%), and school (15.2%). The frequency and duration of ETS exposure were significantly larger and longer in boys than in girls. Boys contacted friends who smoked more than girls did (32.6% vs. 17.1%). Parents'smoking status was similar both in boys and girls. Any information about ETS exposure did not differ according to the detectable urine cotinine among nonsmoking adolescents. Conclusions: Low positive rateof urine cotinine and no association of urine cotinine with various ETS exposure history reflectthat urine cotinine may not a good marker for ETS exposure in Korean adolescents.

Citations

• Association between Second-hand Smoke Exposure and Urinary NNAL Level in Korean Adolescents
  Hyo-Sun You, Jae-woo Lee, Ye-seul Kim, Yonghwan Kim, Hyeong-Cheol Lee, Jin Young Hwang, Woojung Yang, Hee-Taik Kang
  Journal of Korean Medical Science.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Dysglycemia
  Su-Jin Bak, Hyo-Jin Sa, Eun-Jung Oh, Hyuk-Jung Kweon, Kyoung-Jin Kim, Jinyoung Shin, Jae-Kyung Choi
  Korean Journal of Family Practice.2021; 11(4): 256.     CrossRef
• Exposure to Hookah and Cigarette Smoke in Children and Adolescents According to Their Socio-Economic Status: The CASPIAN-IV Study
  Roya Kelishadi, Armindokht Shahsanai, Mostafa Qorbani, Gelayol Ardalan, Parinaz Poursafa, Ramin Heshmat, Mohammad Esmaeil Motlagh
  Iranian Journal of Pediatrics.2016;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Correlation of Different Cotinine Levels With Questionnaire Results
  Myung Bae Park, Eun Woo Nam, Seon Kui Lee, Chun-Bae Kim, Chhabi Ranabhat
  Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health.2015; 27(5): 542.     CrossRef
• Tolerance for and potential indicators of second-hand smoke exposure among nonsmokers: A comparison of self-reported and cotinine verified second-hand smoke exposure based on nationally representative data
  Bo Yoon Jeong, Min Kyung Lim, E Hwa Yun, Jin-Kyoung Oh, Eun Young Park, Do-Hoon Lee
  Preventive Medicine.2014; 67: 280.     CrossRef
• Urine Cotinine for Assessing Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Korean: Analysis of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)
  Sungmo Jung, In Seon Lee, Sae Byol Kim, Chan Soo Moon, Ji Ye Jung, Young Ae Kang, Moo Suk Park, Young Sam Kim, Se Kyu Kim, Joon Chang, Eun Young Kim
  Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases.2012; 73(4): 210.     CrossRef
• Association Between Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure of Children and Parental Socioeconomic Status: A Cross-Sectional Study in Korea
  O. Yi, H.-J. Kwon, D. Kim, H. Kim, M. Ha, S.-J. Hong, Y.-C. Hong, J.-H. Leem, J. Sakong, C. G. Lee, S.-Y. Kim, D. Kang
  Nicotine & Tobacco Research.2012; 14(5): 607.     CrossRef
• The Biomarkers of Active and Passive Smoke Exposure
  Hye-Young Oh, Yu-Jin Paek
  Journal of the Korean Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.2011; 2(2): 79.     CrossRef
• Effect of environmental exposure to lead and tobacco smoke on inattentive and hyperactive symptoms and neurocognitive performance in children
  Soo‐Churl Cho, Boong‐Nyun Kim, Yun‐Chul Hong, Min‐Sup Shin, Hee Jeong Yoo, Jae‐Won Kim, Soo‐Young Bhang, In Hee Cho, Hyo‐Won Kim
  Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry.2010; 51(9): 1050.     CrossRef

Background
: In comparison to the decreasing smoking rate of adults, the smoking rate in adolescents and women is still increasing worldwide including Korea. Previous studies on the smoking rate of adolescents were done by questionnaires allowing bias in their response because of smoking ban among adolescents in Korea. In order to know the actual smoking rate of Korean adolescents, we performed an objective study using urine nicotine detection.

Methods : From April to July 2002, 306 boy's high school students and 325 girl's high school students in Seoul were included for this study. We obtained self-reported questionnaire from them and assessed urine nicotine level by NicCheck I Test Strip to check their actual smoking status.

Results : The current smoking rate of male students by self-reported questionnaire was 14.9%, 20.4%, 22.5%, respectively and that by detection of urine nicotine was 26.6%, 38.0%, 29.6%, respectively, in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd grade. The current smoking rate of female students by self-reported questionnaire was 22.6%, 23.9%, respectively and that by detection of urine nicotine was 46.6%, 35.4%, respectively in the 2nd and 3rd grade. The Kappa index of the questionnaire results was 0.27, 0.46, 0.75, respectively in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd grade male students and 0.33, 0.44, respectively in the 2nd and 3rd grade female students respectively.

Conclusion : The smoking rate of students by detection of urine nicotine was higher than that of the self-reported questionnaire results. The validity of the questionnaire results was more accurate in males than females, and higher grade than lower grade. The self-reported questionnaire was an insufficient tool for evaluation of adolescents' smoking status, especially in female students and lower grade students.

Background
: Pharmacological stress tests for the diagnosis of GH deficiency are unpleasant, labor intensive and potentially dangerous. Reports on urinary GH measurement for the assessment of GH have been published after highly sensitive immunoassaies were developed. The aim of this study was to determine whether a 24- hour urine GH as an alternative method for GH assessment were reliable in predicting GH deficiency defined by L-dopa stimulation test.

Methods : Thirty women, ages 45 to 67, were studied. L-dopa stimulation tests were performed with an ingestion of 500 mg of L-dopa. Serum GH and IGF-1 were measured by a radioimmunoassay using commercially available reagents and uGH was estimated from the 24-hour urine. Then, the mean and its distribution of uGH values were compared according to the GH status defined by L-dopa stimulation test.

Results : The correlation between the uGH and the peak values after L-dopa stimulation test was significant (r=0.46; P＜0.01). The mean value of uGH in the GH deficiency group was significantly lower than that of the normal group (P＜0.05). But because of the broad overlap of uGH in the two groups uGH showed no good separation GH deficiency from normal group although uGH reflects GH status significantly.

Conclusion : uGH reflects GH status significantly, but because of broad overalp uGH couldn't separate GH deficiency form normal group defined by L-dopa stimulation test.

Background
: Urinary tract infection is one of the most common diseases in primary practice. Although quantitative urine culture is the standard for diagnosis, a rapid screening test is needed for effective management. But numerous studies in the past were controversial. We evaluated the utility of dipstick urine analysis as a screening test for urinary tract infection.

Methods : A retrospective analysis of 311 patients who were admitted between May 1997, and April 1998 were chosen as subject. Patients had a complete urine analysis, such as microscopic analysis, chemical analysis by dipstick and urine culture was performed as part of an evaluation for urinary tract infection or suspicious febrile illness.
We compared dipstick analysis with microscopic examination and urine culture. The results of the dipstick urinalysis were compared with the results of the urine culture, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value.

Results : A total of 311 cases were included in the study among which 122 cases were true pos-itive in urine culture. For dipstick urine analysis 92 of 122 cases were leukocyte esterase positive and 39 of 122 were nitrite positive. On microscopic examination 44 of 122 cases were leukocyte positive and 40 of 122 were microorganism positive.

Conclusion : The sensitivity of the dipstick urinalysis seems higher than the microscopic exami-nation in urinary tract infection. We conclude that the dipstick urinalysis is a useful screening test for urinary tract infection for those above 2 years old.

Background
: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common diseases dealt with by primary physicians. UTI is common in the elderly and has a great influence on the quality of the elderly's life. Thus, we conducted a study in one nursing home to find out the prevalence of bacteriuria and epidemiologic characteristics of the elderly.

Methods : The study was performed twice on April 12 and on May 4, 1999 among 108 subjects residing in a nursing home of Hanam City. The authors inquired the subjects pertaining to the history of UTI symptoms, collected urine samples by midstream clean-catch technique and catheterization and performed routine and microscopic urine analysis and urine culture.

Results : The overall prevalence of bacteriuria in subjects was 23.1%(25/108) ; 20%(3/15) in males and 23.7% (22/93) in females. The prevalence of the bedridden subject was 40.9% (9/22). Among the urine samples of 25 cases which were positive in the urine culture, E. Coli was found in 15 cases(60%). The sensitivity, specificiy, positive and negative predictive value of pyuria for bacteriuria were 44.0%(11/25), 87.9%(73/83), 52.3%(11/21) and 83.9%(73/87), respectively, while those of nitrite test for bacteriuria were 64.0%(16/25), 97.5%(81/83), 88.%(16/18) and 90.0%(81/90), respectively. The prevalence of bacteriuria increased by 16.23% as age increased by ten years using the Cochran-Armitage's linear trend test.

Conclusion : The prevalence of becteriuria in the elderly residing in a nursing home was higher than that of the elderly residing in a community. In the elderly over 60 years old, the prevalence of bacteriuria increased as the age increased. Immobility is considered as a risk factor of bacteriuria. Bacteriuria may be treated by antibiotics focused on E. Coli. Thus, we can expect improvement in the quality of life as well as extension of life span.

Background
: For diagnosis of hypertension, prompt, blood pressure measurement is necessary. In a clinical setting, increased blood pressure is often recorded during urine-holding. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of urine-holding on blood pressure.

Methods : We analyzed 172 subjects who visited a hospital in Pusan for examination of pelvic ultrasonography. We measured urine-holding time, blood pressure in a urine-holding stat, and blood pressure immediately after urination when pelvic ultrasonography was examined. Paired t-test was performed to compare the pre-voiding blood pressure. The relationship between urine holding time and difference in blood pressure were assessed by Pearson's correlation coefficients.

Results : In subjects who held urine for no less than 3hours, mean pre-voiding systolic blood pressure was 124.2±20.8 mmHg, mean pre-voiding diastolic blood pressure was 78.3±13.3 mmHg. Mean difference in systolic blood pressure was 4.2±10.7 mmHg, and mean difference in diastolic blood pressure was 2.8±7.7 mmHg(P<0.05). The correlation between urine holding time and differences in systolic and diastolic blood pressure was not significant(P>0.05)

Conclusion : Urine-holding for no less than 3 hours made systolic and diastolic blood pressure rise. However, the rise in blood pressure was not proportional to urine-holding time.