Background
: Smoking may be a factor that decreases bone mineral density. Alcohol also may be a factor that increases or decreases bone mineral density. The authors investigated the relationship among life style-related smoking and alcohol intake and the bone mineral density and the amount that may result in the incidence of osteoporosis in Korean men over forties.

Methods : In 1,650 men over forties, we compared the mean values of bone mineral density by factors. Multiple logistic regression analysis was done on the incidence of osteoporosis and the statistically significant factors after adjustment for age, body index, and daily activity.

Results : In men, who smoked over 30 pack-years, the bone mineral density of the spine (P＜.001) and the femur (ward; P=.001, neck; P=.003) was statistically significantly low before and after adjusting (spine P=.001, femur ward P=.010, femur neck P=.016) for age, body mass index, and daily activity. In men who were presently drinking alcohol, the bone mineral density of the femur increased significantly (P＜.001), but drinking alcohol only influenced the bone mineral density of the femur neck after adjustment (P=.025). In men who drank 200∼300 g per week, the bone mineral density of the femur increased significantly (ward P=.001, neck P＜.001), and it influenced the bone mineral density of the femur neck (P= .046) after adjustment. The odds ratio was 1.5 in men who smoked over 30 pack-years in the incidence of osteoporosis, and was statistically significant.

Conclusion : As the odds ratio for incidence of osteoporosis increased in men who smoked over 30 pack-years, it is important to stop smoking.

Background
: It is well known that family is not only the basis but also one of the major factors for personal health management. In this study, we examined to find out the association of family function with health behavior.

Methods : From June to August, 1999, a total of 800 middle and high school students, selected from several metropolitan, medium and small sized cities and a 'myon', were questionnaired on their health-related behaviors like smoking, alcohol intake, diet, exercise and sleeping by means of 'Korean Family Function Assessment Tool'.

Results : Among the total, 599 students gave appropriate answers. They were composed of 323 (53.9%) middle school and 276 (46.1%) high school students. Male to female sex ratio was 307 (51.3%) to 292 (48.7%). In the aspect of smoking, smoking group and non-smoking group showed 127.0±23.3 and 144.9±23.6, respectively, in terms of Korean Family Function Assessment Tool and were statistically significant (P＜0.01). The students were divided into three groups as heavy alcohol drinkers who consumed alcohol more than 168 g-in case of girls the datum point was 132 g-per week, light drinkers and non-drinkers. Their KFFAT scores were also significantly different from each other (P＜0.01). On tukey multiple comparison, there was a significant difference primarily between the drinkers and the non-drinkers (P＜0.05). Similar findings were shown between the regular and the irregular diet group (P＜0.01). But there as no significance with respect to exercise and sleeping.

Conclusion : Among the health-related behaviors of adolescents, smoking, alcohol intake and diet habit were significantly associated with family function, but exercise and sleeping were not.

Background
: Fatty liver, the most possible cause for an elevated hepatic aminotransferase level once hepaitis B, hepatitis C, and the drug induced hepatitis were excluded, is supposed to have association with obesity as well as ingestion of alcohol. This study was performed to find an epidemiologic evidence for the association between obesity and fatty liver.

Methods : A case-control study was carried out on 160 cases matched for age and sex with 160 controls in a tertiary care hospital family practice clinic. Patients who had either an elevated aminotransferase level (> 45 IU/L) at two separate times of at one time with ultrasonic evidence compatible to fatty liver without any evidence of other causes that might affect the liver were included into case group. Information on the height, weight, cholesterol level, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical exericise, and past medical history were obtained through a review of medical records and self administered questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the independent association.

Results : With the increase of body mass index (BMI), the association between BMI and an elevated aminotransferase level suspected of fatty liver increased. Significantly increased associations were observed in BMI levels 25-29 kg/m² (Odds ratio[OR], 5.02; 95% confdence interval[CI], 1,49-16.93) and more than 30 kg/m² (OR, 14.87; 95% CI, 2.58-85.62). Consuming large amount of alcohol (> 60g/day) and increasing cholesterol level were also significantly associated with eleveted aminotransferase level suspected of fatty liver.

Conclusion : Factors associated with elevated aminotransferase level suspected of fatty liver were heavy drinking, cholesterol level, and BMI. Large OR observed in high BMI levels(over 25 kg/m²) and dose-response relationship with BMI seem to suggest a causal relationship between obesity and fatty liver.