Background
Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is critical during the early stages of life. Babies require only breast milk from birth until 6 months of age. This study analyzed the correct target for increasing EBF in Indonesia.
Methods
This cross-sectional study included 12,534 infants and examined EBF practices as outcome variables. Seven maternal characteristics were included as exposure variables (residence, age, marital status, education, employment, prenatal class, and wealth) and four infant characteristics as control variables (age, sex, birth weight, and early initiation of breastfeeding). Finally, binary logistic regression analysis was performed.
Results
Result showed that the proportion of EBF in Indonesia is 52.90% (95% confidence interval [CI], 52.37%–53.43%). Mothers in rural areas were 1.134 times more likely to perform EBF than were those in urban areas (95% CI, 1.126–1.141). All maternal age groups were more likely to achieve EBF than the youngest group (<20 years), except for those aged >44 years, for which there was no significant difference compared with those aged <20 years. Married mothers were 1.361 times more likely to achieve EBF than were divorced/widowed mothers (95% CI, 1.311–1.412). Maternal education and employment were associated with EBF achievement. There was no significant relationship between the prenatal class and EBF performance in Indonesia. Furthermore, results indicate that all wealth statuses are less likely to achieve EBF than the poorest in Indonesia.
Conclusion
Six maternal characteristics were specifically targeted to increase EBF in Indonesia: living in urban areas, being young, having a divorced/widowed status, having poor education, being employed, and being wealthy.

Background
This study explored the approaches of Jordanian community pharmacists to identifying and counseling breastfeeding mothers regarding medication usage.
Methods
This cross-sectional study used self-administered questionnaires. A convenience sample (n=381) of Jordanian community pharmacists was recruited through social media. The responses were statistically analyzed using IBM SPSS ver. 25.0 (IBM Corp., USA).
Results
The majority of recruited pharmacists were female (n=329, 86.4%). Asking every woman was Jordanian pharmacists’ preferred approach to identifying breastfeeding women (n=211, 55.4%). The study showed that around one-third of the pharmacists (n=128, 33.6%) reported that they currently experienced queries regarding medication use during breastfeeding on a daily basis. Additionally, the majority (n=325, 85.3%) of pharmacists reported feeling confident, and 67.2% of them (n=256) reported feeling comfortable while giving advice to breastfeeding women. The surveyed pharmacists relied on different resources during their course of practice to answer queries related to medicine usage by breastfeeding mothers.
Conclusion
Community pharmacists have continuous interactions with breastfeeding women. Pharmacists require reliable and updated data access to answer queries related to medication use while breastfeeding.

Citations

• Reflecting on progress and challenges: the Korean Journal of Family Medicine in 2024
  Seung-Won Oh
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2025; 46(2): 55.     CrossRef
• Promoting safe medication use during breastfeeding: uncontrolled interventional before-after study in community pharmacies
  Milena Kovačević, Ljiljana Stanković, Branko Petrović, Aleksandra Catić Đorđević, Sandra Vezmar Kovačević, Branislava Miljković
  Midwifery.2025; 148: 104497.     CrossRef

Cancer, or malignancy, continues to be one of the most serious health problems in the world, leading to death and disability. Unlike in previous years, where new cases of cancer were predominant in developed nations, the number of cases of cancer and the resultant deaths are increasing in low- and middle-income countries. This is partially attributable to the current trend of adopting a Western lifestyle, substantial urbanization, and the rise in infections, such as the human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV), which together account for over 30% of cancer cases in underdeveloped and developing nations. The deleterious impact of cancer, as cases multiply worldwide, is multi-dimensional. Cancer exerts serious physical, psychological, and monetary burdens, not only on cancer patients but also on their family members, close friends, health care systems, and society at large. Importantly, over half of all cancer types can be prevented globally by mitigating the risk and causative factors as well as prompt adherence to scientifically recommended prevention measures. This review provides various scientifically based and people-centered strategies that every individual could adopt to reduce their risk of developing cancer in the future. It is recommended that, for these cancer prevention strategies to be effective, there should be a strong political will from the governments of individual countries to enact specific laws and implement policies that will significantly reduce sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy eating among the general public. Likewise, HPV and HBV vaccines, as well as cancer screenings, should be made available, affordable, and accessible on a timely basis for those who are eligible to take them. Finally, intensified campaigns and numerous informative and educational programs that promote cancer prevention should be initiated globally.

Citations

• Evaluation of Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Patients: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study between Targeted Therapy and Conventional Chemotherapy
  Kharisma Pratama, Niken Luthfiyanti
  Sciences of Pharmacy.2025; 4(4): 313.     CrossRef
• Vegan Diet: A Novel Trend in Healthy Living
  Gaithaongamliu Kamei, Prasad Rasane, Jyoti Singh, Sawinder Kaur, Mahendra Gunjal, Jaspreet Kaur, Raghav Gupta, Dipendra Kumar Mahato, Sushma Gurumayum, Sunil Kumar Dwivedi
  Current Nutrition & Food Science.2024; 20(8): 952.     CrossRef
• Rising potentials of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) loaded lipid-based delivery platforms for breast cancer
  Sagnik Nag, Adrija Bhunia, Sourav Mohanto, Mohammed Gulzar Ahmed, Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
  Discover Applied Sciences.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Exploring the Role of Artificial Light and Tanning for Skin Cancer
  Muhammad Majid, Abdul Qayoom, Ali Haider
  Indus Journal of Bioscience Research.2024; 2(2): 1506.     CrossRef
• Exploring the Role of Artificial Light and Tanning for Skin Cancer
  Muhammad Majid, Abdul Qayoom, Ali Haider
  Indus Journal of Bioscience Research.2024; 2(2): 1584.     CrossRef
• Application of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis Using Medical Images: A Systematic Review
  Olusola Olabanjo, Ashiribo Wusu, Mauton Asokere, Oseni Afisi, Basheerat Okugbesan, Olufemi Olabanjo, Olusegun Folorunso, Manuel Mazzara
  Analytics.2023; 2(3): 708.     CrossRef

Background
Breastfeeding is recognized as the optimal form of nutrition for the physical and neurological development of infants and is considered the most significant way to prevent child mortality. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of metoclopramide for enhancing milk production in lactating women.
Methods
We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and MEDLINE for randomized controlled trials comparing metoclopramide with a placebo, no treatment, or other galactagogue drugs. We included breastfeeding women with term or preterm infants.
Results
We retrieved 164 records from our search of the electronic databases and 20 records from other sources. Eight trials involving 342 lactating women that used metoclopramide were included in this review after assessing the eligibility criteria. The meta-analysis of these trials revealed that metoclopramide did not increase the milk volume of the intervention groups compared to that of the control groups. There was a significant increase in the serum concentrations of prolactin when the mothers were administered metoclopramide. No significant adverse events were reported.
Conclusion
Metoclopramide did not improve milk production in lactating women. Therefore, we do not recommend using metoclopramide to increase milk production in lactating women.

Citations

• Herbal galactagogues to improve breastmilk production and lactation in mothers of preterm babies: a systematic review of clinical trials
  Aislinn Cragg, Ilana Levene, Sharram Darabi, Merlin Willcox
  European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.2026; 80(2): 146.     CrossRef
• The Self-Reported Use and Perceived Effectiveness of Galactagogues by Breastfeeding Women in the Netherlands
  Maartje Conijn, Anneke L.M. Passier, Melanie K.E. van der Most, Petra J. Woestenberg
  Journal of Human Lactation.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Comparative Study of Lactogenic Effect and Milk Nutritional Density of Oral Galactagogue in Female Rabbit
  Saurabh Maru, Sateesh Belemkar
  Current Protein & Peptide Science.2025; 26(2): 125.     CrossRef
• Consenso académico de prácticas de impacto de la lactancia en Colombia
  Nancy Bernal, Carlos Timossi, Maria Mercedes Pulido, Maria Isabel Uscher, Luz Stella Hidalgo, Carolina Gómez, María Emilia Contreras
  Pediatría.2025; 57(3): e574.     CrossRef
• Clinical evaluation of Ayush-SS granules in exclusively breastfeeding mothers with insufficient lactation: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
  Upma Saxena, Sarada Ota, Shivshankar Rajput, Bhavna Anand, Arunabh Tripathi, Richa Singhal, Adarsh Kumar, Abhishek Lachyan
  International Breastfeeding Journal.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Inducing Lactation in a Transgender Woman Without Galactagogues: A Case Report
  Baila Elkin, Alisa Duran, Kevin Rauwerdink, Elizabeth S. Goldsmith
  Journal of General Internal Medicine.2024; 39(11): 2110.     CrossRef
• Efficacy and safety of domperidone and metoclopramide on human milk production in postpartum mothers: a bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  Si Si, Ge Zhao, Guang Song, Jing Liu
  BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Safety of pharmacologically induced lactation
  Patrick L. Thøgersen, Ditte R. Gotfredsen, Christina Gade, Henrik Horwitz, Jon T. Andersen
  Adverse Drug Reaction Bulletin.2023; 341(1): 1323.     CrossRef

Background
Breastfeeding is widely recognized as the optimal and natural method of feeding infants. However, there are obstacles that can limit exclusive breastfeeding practices during the first 6 months of an infant’s life. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of unsuccessful exclusive breastfeeding and its associated factors among mothers who work as healthcare providers at Universiti Sains Malaysia Hospital.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 295 medical doctors and staff nurses from June to December 2015. Simple random sampling was applied. The data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using IBM SPSS ver. 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were performed.
Results
The prevalence of unsuccessful exclusive breastfeeding among the study participants was 58.3%. Mothers who preferred formula milk (odds ratio [OR], 4.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.45–13.31) delivered via lower segment cesarean section (OR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.07–4.98) and produced inadequate breast milk (OR, 4.06; 95% CI, 2.40– 6.89) were significantly associated with unsuccessful exclusive breastfeeding.
Conclusion
The prevalence of unsuccessful exclusive breastfeeding among the study participants was high. Maternal characteristics such as preference towards formula milk, mode of delivery and adequacy of breast milk must be assessed to prevent unsuccessful exclusive breastfeeding among healthcare providers.

Citations

• The Relationship Between Mother's Level of Knowledge and Attitude Towards Exclusive Breastfeeding
  Febri Adriati, Rizka Dita Hidayati
  Jurnal Midpro.2025; 16(2): 203.     CrossRef
• The mothers’ milk bank dilemma: addressing the conservative stance and traditional views of Pakistani religious scholars
  Jamil Akhtar, Mubasher Hussain
  Paediatrics and International Child Health.2025; 45(1-2): 3.     CrossRef
• Analysis of breastfeeding status and influencing factors among healthcare workers in Southwestern China
  Tingting Dai, Jiaxin Wan, Qiuyue Liu, Xiaoyan Liu, Cheng Chen
  International Breastfeeding Journal.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Barriers and Facilitators of Exclusive Breastfeeding in Developing Countries: A Scoping Review
  Putri Rizqi Ani, Martha Irene Kartasurya, Apoina Kartini, J.-H. Han, S. Changrob, A. Rachmatullah, W. Sabiiti, M.I. Kartasurya
  BIO Web of Conferences.2025; 193: 00076.     CrossRef
• Work-related Influences on Knowledge and Practice of Exclusive Breastfeeding among Postnatal Mothers
  Hasni Embong, Nur Hanim Natasha Mohd Rosdi, Norhasmah Mohd Zain, Rusnani Ab Latif
  Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal.2025; 10(SI35): 337.     CrossRef
• Enhancing maternal role achievement and breastfeeding success through health belief model intervention
  Nurus Safaah, Esti Yunitasari, Budi Prasetyo, Mira Triharini, Pipit Feriani
  Healthcare in Low-resource Settings.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The practice of exclusive breastfeeding by region in Indonesia
  Haerawati Idris, Dea Widya Astari
  Public Health.2023; 217: 181.     CrossRef
• Exploring the determinants of exclusive breastfeeding among infants under six months in the Gambia using gambian demographic and health survey data of 2019-20
  Bewuketu Terefe, Kegnie Shitu
  BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Exclusive Breastfeeding in Health Personnel: Incidence and Barriers
  Tongta Nanthakomon, Sonthaya Nukaw, Sudatip Kositamongkol
  Children.2023; 10(8): 1424.     CrossRef
• Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice in Indonesia: A Population-Based Study
  Maria Gayatri
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2021; 42(5): 395.     CrossRef
• On the Relationship between Social Support and Early Breastfeeding Termination
  Marzieh Faghani Aghoozi, Mohaddeseh Karimi Khoshal, Sanaz Faiazi, Shahnaz Tork Zahrani, Malihe Amerian
  Preventive Care In Nursing and Midwifery Journal.2019; 9(1): 1.     CrossRef

Background
Breastmilk is the best nourishment for an infant for the first 6 months of life. Health professionals like medical doctors and dentists can help promote and support exclusive breastfeeding. We aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes, exposure, and future intentions toward exclusive breastfeeding among final year medical and dental students at Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.
Methods
A total of 162 students participated in this cross-sectional study that was conducted between May and September of 2015. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect the variables of interest.
Results
Most students knew exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first 6 months of life (98.1%). However, some students incorrectly thought formula milk can be given if the infant appears hungry after having been breastfed (61.7%). Additionally, some incorrectly thought expressed breastmilk can be warmed on direct heat (47.5%) and left-over expressed milk can be re-stored (60.5%). Most students agreed that exclusive breastfeeding is easier to practice than formula feeding and that it is the best choice for working mothers. Most students (93.2%) intend to breastfeed their children, and this intention was significantly associated with their experience being breastfed as infants and attitudes toward exclusive breastfeeding.
Conclusion
Generally, final year medical and dental students have favorable attitudes and future intentions toward exclusive breastfeeding, although some of them lacked knowledge about certain important aspects of the practice. Past experience of being exclusively breastfed and a more positive attitude toward the practice were associated with their future intentions to practice exclusive breastfeeding.

Citations

• Amamentação e suas dimensões: uma revisão integrativa sobre conhecimento de estudantes da área da saúde
  Patricia Lima Pereira Peres, Maria Helena do Nascimento Souza, Thaís Emanuele da Conceição, Rosane Harter Griep, Rafael Braga Esteves, Antonella Nespoli, Donatella Valente, Giovanni Galeoto
  Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Breastfeeding and its dimensions: an integrative review of health students’ knowledge
  Patricia Lima Pereira Peres, Maria Helena do Nascimento Souza, Thaís Emanuele da Conceição, Rosane Harter Griep, Rafael Braga Esteves, Antonella Nespoli, Donatella Valente, Giovanni Galeoto
  Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• CONHECIMENTO DOS ESTUDANTES DE MEDICINA SOBRE ALEITAMENTO MATERNO
  Jasmin Januth Vieira, Anna Clara Piccin Henriques De Souza, Joyce de Freitas Souza, Ester Queiroz Galavotti, Wanêssa Lacerda Poton
  REVISTA FOCO.2023; 16(4): e1690.     CrossRef
• Conocimiento y actitudes sobre los beneficios de la lactancia materna en universitarios
  Juan Alejandro Hernández-Pérez, Miguel Ángel Hernández-Hernández, María de los Ángeles Ramírez-Trujillo
  CienciaUAT.2021; : 42.     CrossRef

Background
Several studies have suggested that breastfeeding has a positive effect on long-term obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. This study aimed to examine maternal bone health, muscle mass, and obesity based on breastfeeding duration.
Methods
This study was based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010–2011. We selected 2,027 elderly women by screening survey participants with a history of delivery. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) of sarcopenia, osteoporosis, and obesity among four breastfeeding groups.
Results
The OR of sarcopenia significantly decreased with increasing breastfeeding duration (OR, 0.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11–0.65; P for trend <0.001), whereas the OR of obesity significantly increased with increasing breastfeeding duration (OR, 2.56; 95% CI, 1.43–4.60; P for trend=0.009) after adjusting for potential confounding variables. We also found a positive correlation between the duration since last delivery and sarcopenia.
Conclusion
Our results suggest a negative correlation between prolonged breastfeeding and the prevalence of sarcopenia, and a positive correlation between prolonged breastfeeding and the prevalence of obesity. Further studies are needed to clarify the relationship between breastfeeding and sarcopenia in the future.

Citations

• Association of breastfeeding duration with longitudinal changes in vertebral bone marrow, paraspinal muscle composition, and metabolic parameters in premenopausal women over five years
  N. Hesse, Y. Stohldreier, S. Schlaeger, S. Theuerl, O. Dietrich, H. Hermann, I. Kaiser, J. Seissler, E. Pappa, U. Ferrari, A.S. Gersing
  European Journal of Radiology.2026; 195: 112514.     CrossRef
• Interventions and Programs to Promote Breastfeeding in Arabic-Speaking Countries: A Scoping Review
  Basil H. Aboul-Enein, Elizabeth Dodge, Nada Benajiba, Ruth M. Mabry
  Maternal and Child Health Journal.2023; 27(5): 774.     CrossRef
• Breastfeeding Duration Is Associated with the Risk of Tooth Loss, Chewing Difficulty, and Undernutrition among Older Korean Women: Results of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2013–2015
  Ye Rang Jo, Yoo Kyoung Park, Hee-Sook Lim
  Nutrients.2023; 15(24): 5024.     CrossRef
• Association of total lifetime breastfeeding duration with midlife handgrip strength: findings from Project Viva
  Irasema C. Paster, Pi-i D. Lin, Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman, Wei Perng, Jorge E. Chavarro, Emily Oken
  BMC Women's Health.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Breastfeeding and Sarcopenia in Later Life
  Jungun Lee
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2019; 40(3): 133.     CrossRef

Background
It is well known that breastfeeding has a significant impact on the health of mothers and children. With the growing importance of breastfeeding, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between breastfeeding and the prevalence of diabetes in Korean parous women.
Methods
The data of 5,448 premenopausal parous women aged 20–49 years who agreed to participate in the 5th– 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed in this study. Control group included women who had not breastfed. The subjects who had breastfed were classified into three groups based on the duration of breastfeeding: 0–6 months, 6–12 months, and >12 months. The variables included age, body mass index, education level, income, alcohol drinking, smoking, family history of diabetes, use of oral contraceptives, the number of pregnancies, and regular exercise.
Results
Among the subjects, the prevalence of diabetes was significantly lower in women who had breastfed compared to those who had not, with an odds ratio of 0.534 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.289–0.976) in women who breastfed for 0–6 months and 0.575 (95% CI, 0.321–0.990) in women who breastfed for 6–12 months (both P<0.05).
Conclusion
The present study found a reduced prevalence of diabetes in women who had breastfed compared to those who had not. However, no association between the duration of breastfeeding and the prevalence of diabetes could be found.

Citations

• Association of Childbirth and Breastfeeding with Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Women
  Seulkee Kim, So Yeon Ryu
  Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2024; 49(2): 109.     CrossRef
• Knowledge Gaps and Current Evidence Regarding Breastfeeding Issues in Mothers with Chronic Diseases
  Rozeta Sokou, Stavroula Parastatidou, Zoi Iliodromiti, Katerina Lampropoulou, Dionysios Vrachnis, Theodora Boutsikou, Aikaterini Konstantinidi, Nicoletta Iacovidou
  Nutrients.2023; 15(13): 2822.     CrossRef
• The relationship between pregnancy count and duration of breast-feeding with metabolic syndrome (Fasa Persian cohort study)
  Saeideh Zareei, Fatemeh Behrasi, Mohammad Mehdi Naghizadeh, Fatemeh Talebzadeh, Ali Kharmandar, Mojtaba Farjam, Reza Homayounfar
  BMC Women's Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Development and validation of breastfeeding and dietary education package for women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  Farhanah Ahmad Shuhaimi, Syahrul Bariah Abdul Hamid, Nurul Ainfarhanah Md Yazid
  Journal of Education and Health Promotion.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Breastfeeding and cardiovascular risk factors
  Deepak Bhatnagar, Prachi Bhatnagar
  Current Opinion in Lipidology.2019; 30(1): 45.     CrossRef
• Breastfeeding Can Reduce the Risk of Developing Diabetes
  Soo Young Kim
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2018; 39(5): 271.     CrossRef

Citations

• Associations of PFAS concentrations during pregnancy and midlife with bone health in midlife: Cross-sectional and prospective findings from Project Viva
  Pi-I Debby Lin, Andres Cardenas, Lisa B. Rokoff, Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman, Mingyu Zhang, Julianne Botelho, Antonia M. Calafat, Diane R. Gold, Ami R. Zota, Tamarra James-Todd, Russ Hauser, Thomas F. Webster, Emily Oken, Abby F. Fleisch
  Environment International.2024; 194: 109177.     CrossRef
• Management of multiple vertebral fractures during lactation in a patient with osteogenesis imperfecta type I following twin delivery
  Chrislyn Ng, Anne Trinh, Roger Zebaze, Cat Shore-Lorenti, Peter R Ebeling, Frances Milat
  JBMR Plus.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Peripartal treatment with low‐dose sertraline accelerates mammary gland involution and has minimal effects on maternal and offspring bone
  Celeste M. Sheftel, Luma C. Sartori, Emily R. Hunt, Robbie S. J. Manuel, Autumn M. Bell, Rafael R. Domingues, Lella A. Wake, Brandon R. Scharpf, Chad M. Vezina, Julia F. Charles, Laura L. Hernandez
  Physiological Reports.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Did parity affect bone mineral density of women in past populations? Parturition scars and BMD of Neolithic to modern skeletons from north-central Poland
  Wiesław Lorkiewicz, Justyna Karkus, Joanna Mietlińska, Michał Stuss, Ewa Sewerynek, Damian Plażuk, Elżbieta Żądzińska
  Journal of Archaeological Science.2020; 124: 105264.     CrossRef
• Association of breastfeeding and postmenopausal osteoporosis in Chinese women: a community-based retrospective study
  Guiming Yan, Yaqi Huang, Hong Cao, Jie Wu, Nan Jiang, Xiaona Cao
  BMC Women's Health.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Could use of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors During Lactation Cause Persistent Effects on Maternal Bone?
  Samantha R. Weaver, Laura L. Hernandez
  Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia.2018; 23(1-2): 5.     CrossRef
• Previous Adolescent Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Does Not Negatively Affect Bone Mineral Density at the Age of Peak Bone Mass
  Jarinthorn Teerapornpuntakit, Pharuhas Chanprapaph, Narattaphol Charoenphandhu
  Breastfeeding Medicine.2018; 13(7): 500.     CrossRef
• Incorporation of Flaxseed Flour as a Dietary Source for ALA Increases Bone Density and Strength in Post‐Partum Female Rats
  Danielle Cavalcante Ribeiro, Aline D'Avila Pereira, Fernanda Carvalho de Santana, Jorge Mancini‐Filho, Eduardo Moreira da Silva, Carlos Alberto Soares da Costa, Gilson Teles Boaventura
  Lipids.2017; 52(4): 327.     CrossRef

Background
: The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of obesity based on body mass index data and to assess the long-term effect of breast feeding on obesity among children in elementary schools.

Methods : A total of 997 children in 1st grade were recruited from 3 public primary schools in Gangdong-gu and 1 private primary school in Nowon-gu, Seoul. A questionnaire was used to gather demographic background and lifestyle-related information infant feeding methods and duration.

Results : There were 101 boys (24.6%) and 100 girls (25.0%) identified as an obese group (BMI ≥85 percentile). The birth weight was higher in the obese group (3.34±0.46kg) than in the normal body mass index group (3.24±0.43kg). The parental body mass index was higher in the obese group than the normal group. Average hours of daily watching TV, video or computer use was higher in the obese group (2.2±1.2) than in the normal body mass index group (2.0±1.0). In the obese group, children ate more than the normal group. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, there seemed to be some risk reduction for obesity in the breast fed group for at least 7 months, compared to the never breast fed group, but had no statistical significance.

Conclusion : Whether child was breast fed or not nor the duration of breast feeding did not seem to reduce the risk of developing obesity.