Background
More than half of the causes of male osteoporosis is due to secondary osteoporosis. Therefore, it is important to detect and modify its related factors. The aim of this study was to fi nd related lifestyle factors and biochemical markers with low bone mineral density (BMD) in Korean men.Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was performed in men aged 40-69 years who visited a hospital for health checkup from January to March 2007. BMD was measured at proximal femur and lumbar spine by dual energy x-ray absorptionmetry. Lifestyle factors were estimated by a self-administered questionnaire and fasting glucose, uric acid, gamma glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, free testosterone, 25-OH vitamin D, urine deoxypyridinoline, osteocalcin were measured. Multivariate logistic regression was used to fi nd the association to the lowest tertile of BMD. Results: A total of 152 subjects were included. After multivariate analysis adjusted with age, BMI, smoking, alcohol and exercise, different factors were correlated with low bone density in each site of femoral neck and lumbar spine. Factors correlated at both sites were BMI and exercise; lower BMI and doing no exercise increased risks of low bone density. Increasing age and alcohol intake ≥ 14 drinks/week were associated with lower BMD at femoral neck. The factors associated with lower lumbar spine BMD only were lower level of uric acid and higher level of urine deoxypyridinoline.Conclusion: Different factors were associated with low bone density at femoral neck and lumbar spine in men. BMI and exercise were related in both sites; age, alcohol intake, uric acid and deoxypyridinoline were related on either site.

Citations

• Hyperuricemia protects against low bone mineral density, osteoporosis and fractures: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
  Nicola Veronese, Sara Carraro, Giulia Bano, Caterina Trevisan, Marco Solmi, Claudio Luchini, Enzo Manzato, Riccardo Caccialanza, Giuseppe Sergi, Davide Nicetto, Emanuele Cereda
  European Journal of Clinical Investigation.2016; 46(11): 920.     CrossRef
• Helicobacter pylori: A Possible Risk Factor for Bone Health
  Yun Hee Chung, Jong Seop Gwak, Sung Woo Hong, Jung Hyeon Hyeon, Cheol Min Lee, Seung Won Oh, Hyuktae Kwon
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2015; 36(5): 239.     CrossRef
• Blood levels related to the Z-score of bone mineral density in young males and females
  Sun-Hyung Joo, Min-Tae Kim, Jae-Hwan Cho, Hae-Kag Lee, Jae-Ouk Ahn
  Journal of Physical Therapy Science.2015; 27(4): 1117.     CrossRef
• The Bone Density Level of Korean Men Aged 60 Years and Over, and Its Relevant Factors
  Young-Ran Kim, Hae-Sung Nam, Tae-Yong Lee
  Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2013; 14(3): 1180.     CrossRef

Background
: Bone mass changes in men is related to age, BMI, sex hormones and other factors. In prior studies, bone markers were negatively correlated with bone mineral density, free testosterone, and estrogen and was positively correlated with SHBG. In a study of sex hormones and bone markers in Korean men estradiol was negatively correlated with deoxypyridinoline. In this study, the relationship of testosterone, estradiol, calculated free testosterone, FEI and SHBG to bone turnover markers in adult men were investigated.

Methods : This was a cross-sectional study of 184 men who had undertaken a health screening program in one general hospital in Bundang from November, 2001 to February, 2003. We surveyed information concerning the past medical history, current medication, alcohol consumption amount per week and smoking amount by means of self questionnaire records. Serum total testosterone, estradiol, SHBG and osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase were measured at a fasting state. Urine was tested for deoxypyridinoline. Free testosterone was calculated using albumin, SHBG, and total testosterone level.

Results : Deoxypyridinoline adjusted by age, BMI was negatively correlated with FEI (r=-0.17, P=0.020) and was positively correlated with smoking amount (r=0.20 P= 0.007). Osteocalcin was negatively correlated with calculated free testosterone and ethanol consumption amount (r=-0.186, P=.0.12, r=-0.186, P=0.012). Multiple regression analysis showed that the most powerful factor influencing deoxypyridinoline was smoking amount (R²= 0.046), followed by FEI, BMI, and the one influencing osteocalcin was BMI (R²=0.050), ethanol amount and calculated free testosterone. After adjusting for age, BMI, drinking amount and smoking amount FEI shown to be a predictor of deoxypyridinoline (β=-0.08, p＜0.01, R²=0.101). After adjusting for age, BMI, and drinking amount calculated free testosterone was shown to be a predictor of osteocalcin (β=-0.570, P＜0.01, R²=0.130) in multiple regression model.

Conclusion : In adult men, FEI shown to be a predictor of deoxypyridinoline and calculated free testosterone to be a predictor of osteocalcin as an independent variable.

Background
: Biochemical markers have been proposed as sensitive indicators of high bone turnover and for monitoring response to osteoporosis treatment. We conducted a retrospective study to investigate the pattern of biochemical markers of bone metabolism (urinary deoxypryridinoline (D-PYD), serum osteocalcin) across menopausal transition in women.

Methods : We measured the urinary excretion of D-PYD, serum osteocalcin and BMD in 44 premenopausal and age-matched 44 postmenopausal women who visited a tertiary hospital from May 1, 1997 to July 31, 1997. Each values between premenopausal and postmenopausal women were anaysed with paired t-tests. Pearson's correlation coefficients were performed to assess the relationships between the three values.

Results : Urinary excretion of D-PYD in postmenopausal women (12.103±2.27 nM/mM creatinine) was higher than in premenopausal women (9.322±.53 nM/mM creatinine) (P<0.05). Serum osteocalcin in postmenopausal women (12.8698±3.1 ng/ml) was higher than in premenopausal women (9.0949±2.7 ng/ml) (P<0.01). BMD in postmenopausal women (0.9979±0.1863 g/cm2) was lower than in postmenopausal women (1.1845±0.1591 g/cm2)(P<0.01). The serum osteocalcin level was positively correlated with D-PYD (r=0.547, p<0.01). Urine excretion of D-PYD was negatively correlated with BMD (r=-0.36, p<0.01). Serum osteocalcin was negatively correlated with BMD (r=-0.427, P<0.01).

Conclusion : Urinary D-PYD excretion and serum osteocalcin were increased, by BMD was decreased significantly in postmenopausal women. Urinary D-PYD, serum osteocalcin, and BMD were significantly correlated with each other in women.