Shoulder is one of the most common sites of pain in outpatient clinic, and allows for almost unrestrained motion in all planes due to very unique anatomical structure. Detailed history taking and special physical examination based on basic anatomical and kinesiological knowledge are important for precise patient evaluation. Further radiographic and diagnostic laboratory test are required. Common causes of shoulder pain are adhesive capsulitis, impingement syndrome, rotator cuff tear, myofascial pain syndrome, and instability. Also cervical radiculopathy, lung, cardiac and abdominal problems should be considered as a cause of shoulder pain. Characteristics, physical examination tool, and treatment for common shoulder problems are described.