Analysis of outpatient visits to primary care offers essential data for residency training by understanding 'reasons for encounter (RFE).' This study was designed to recognize the effect of population aging on demographic characteristics and RFEs.
We included all patients who had visited family practice clinic in Kyung Hee University Hospital in Seoul during each first 5 working days of September, October, and November in 2001 and 2008. New patients included those who hadn't visited within the last 6 months or more. Information on each patient's age, sex, and reason for encounter was obtained from the electronic medical record. The RFEs were compared using International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC)-2-E.
Mean age of overall outpatients was 50.5 and 52.4 years in 2001 and 2008 respectively. The number of new outpatient visits increased from 215 (21.3%) to 326 (29.7%) between 2001 and 2008 (P < 0.001) along with the number of patients aged 65 or more from 7.4% to 12.0% (P = 0.08). Mean age of established patients was 52.5 and 56.9 years (P < 0.001), and the patients aged 65 or more was 14.1% and 35.8% (P < 0.001) in 2001 and 2008 respectively. Analysis by ICPC-2-E revealed a decrease in chapter A in 2008 (P = 0.03) and an increase in chapter F, L, and X (P = 0.01, 0.003, <0.001). Component 1 had increased (P = 0.01), and component 2 had decreased (P = 0.04) in proportion.
Changes in population composition have brought a shift of the distribution of age in outpatients, more significantly in follow-up patients. Comparison by ICPC-2-E showed changes in RFEs of new patients between 2001 and 2008.
Analysis of outpatients' reasons for encounter (RFEs) and diagnoses in primary medical services provides students and residents with educational resources.
Recently, demographic change by rapid population aging has become a social issue. Korea became an 'aging society' in 2009 with a 10.7% of its population aged 65 years or older. In 2018, Korea will become an 'aged society' with 14.3% of the population aged 65 or over and eventually turn into a 'super-aged society' by 2026 when the ratio of aged population reaches 20.8%.
This study attempted to analyze the trends in new outpatients at a university-based family practice by ICPC-2-E classification to recognize a possible shift in age groups as well as changes in their main RFEs. The extracted data can then contribute in implementation of training programs that focus on the common symptoms and 'reasons for encounter.'
To analyze the trends in new outpatients, we included all patients who had paid visits to the Family Practice Clinic in Kyung Hee University Hospital in Seoul during each first five working days of September, October, and November in 2001 and 2008, respectively. Patients who had not visited the clinic within the last 6 months or more were regarded as new patients. Kyung Hee University Hospital is located in eastern Seoul with a mostly middle class population where a quite a portion of senior citizens live in close proximity.
We separated new patients from those who had made repeated visits by reviewing each year's outpatient lists adopted from the electronic medical records (EMR), from which we also collected information on each patient's sex, age and the main RFE. Established patients were excluded from the study to obviate the possible bias occurring from repeated inclusion of the same RFE. In case of short-term follow-up, we only compared new patients in 2001 and 2008 to preclude bias caused from any changes in the RFE.
The main RFE was recruited from the item 'chief complaint' in the EMR. If there were multiple chief complaints, we used the first recorded complaint only. In case there was no chief complaint recorded, we used the first mentioned symptom as the main RFE. Collected data was sorted according to ICPC-2-E classification.
Chapters were systematically organized by RFEs and represented by alphabetic letters: A: general and unspecified; B: blood, blood forming organs and immune mechanism; D: digestive; F: eye; H: ear; K: cardiovascular; L: musculoskeletal; N: neurological; P: psychological; R: respiratory; S: skin; T: endocrine/metabolic and nutritional; U: urological; W: pregnancy, childbearing, family planning; X: demale genital; Y: male genital; Z: social problems. Each chapter divided RFEs into seven components in terms of symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, test results, administrative activities, and so forth.
The main RFEs were sorted according to number of each year's new outpatients, their mean age, age-specific distribution, and ICPC-2 classification. T-test was employed for analysis of the age variant. In terms of the remaining variants, we used Fisher's exact test, if the sample size was 5 or less and χ2 test, if the sample size was greater than 5. Statistical significance used was 5% (P < 0.05). Stata/SE ver. 10.0 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA) was used for all statistical analyses.
The number of overall outpatient visits was 1,009 in 2001 and 1,098 in 2008. The total number of new outpatient visits increased from 215 (21.3%) to 326 (29.7%) between 2001 and 2008 (P < 0.001). Mean age of the outpatients in total was 50.5 and 52.4 years (P = 0.0049), respectively. Of these, mean age of the new patients was 43.1 and 41.8 years (P = 0.36), whereas that of established patients was 52.5 and 56.9 years, respectively. In 2001, there was no patient younger than 10 years, while in 2008, there were as many as 16 patients; we thereby attempted to compare only adult patients older than 18 years of age. For the new patient group, the mean age (standard deviation, SD) of the adult patients aged 18 or more was 43.6 (13.9) and 44.1 (16.7) years, respectively (P = 0.72).
To observe the trends in demographic composition of patients, we counted the number of patients aged 65 years or older. Overall, the proportion of patients aged 65 years or older had increased significantly from 128 (12.7%) to 315 (28.7%) between 2001 and 2008 (P < 0.001), and that of established patients had increased from 112 (14.1%) to 276 (35.8%), respectively (P < 0.001) (
We analyzed medical records of new patients who visited the Family Medicine Clinic at Kyung Hee University Hospital, thus obtaining 205 and 316 main RFEs in 2001 and 2008, respectively. Patient-reported RFEs were then classified according to the 17 chapters and 7 components of ICPC-2-E (
A comparison of the main RFEs of 2001 and 2008 showed that the proportion of chapter A (general and unspecified) had decreased significantly from 29.8% to 21.5% between 2001 and 2008, respectively (P = 0.03) (
Upon analyzing the main RFEs based on the 7 components, the proportion of component 1 (symptoms, complaints) had increased from 57.1% to 67.4% (P = 0.01), and that of component 2 (diagnostic, screening, prevention) had decreased from 30.7% to 22.8% (P = 0.04) (
The 5 most commonly reported codes of ICPC-2-E in 2008 were identified by order of frequency (
In a previous study by Hwang et al.
The main RFEs were sorted by using the ICPC-2-E classification. Analysis by chapters showed that complaints of musculoskeletal and female genital tract related symptoms increased significantly from 11 (5.4%) and 1 (0.5%) to 42 (13.3%) and 21 (6.6%), respectively between 2001 and 2008. Mean age of the patients with musculoskeletal complaints was 41.7 (SD, 14.7) in 2001 and 47.9 (SD, 16.5) in 2008. Among them, patients aged 65 or more was 0 and 8, respectively (P = 0.116). Of the 42 patients complaining of female genital tract related symptoms, 17 patients presented with menopausal symptoms in 2008; it is a significant increase since only one patient had presented with such symptoms in 2001 (P = 0.002). After the publication of Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Study in 2002 regarding oral hormone replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms, there were increasing concerns about hormone replacement therapy. But in the study by Choi et al.,
In the analysis by components, like many previous studies, component 1 (symptoms/complaints) was the leading RFE both in 2001 and 2008, and had increased significantly in frequency.
In 2008, respiratory tract disease prevention (R44: preventive immunizations/medications-Respiratory) was the most common reason for encounter with a total 35 cases of vaccination (32 of influenza vaccination, 3 of pneumococcal vaccination). We could make a supposition that the lowering of the recommended age for influenza vaccination from 65 years to 50 years in 2004 would result in a significant increase in vaccination rate. In this study, however, the number of patients visiting for prevention of respiratory tract diseases increased only without a statistical significant result (9.3% to 11.1%, P = 0.51).
There are several limitations to this study. First, the sample size was small. We included patients visits made during each first five working days of September, October and November rather than all working days. Second, we conducted this research using data obtained from a single university-based family practice thus we were unable to exclude bias from pursuing one geographic location. Third, we were unable to retrieve the main RFEs of 10 cases in both 2001 and 2008 due to loss or destruction of the medical records, possibly affecting the overall results of analysis.
Despite the limitations, this study is distinguished from previous studies in that we compared reasons for encounter and age-specific distribution of new outpatients with a 7 year interval. We were also able to observe that the number of patients with musculoskeletal and female genital tract problems had increased and that prevention of respiratory system diseases was the most frequent reason for encounter. By offering our residents with an intensive education based on the study results, we can help strengthen competitiveness in treating diseases that are frequently encountered in primary health care service.
In summary, owing to population aging, there was a significant increase in the proportion of elderly established patients in Kyung Hee University Hospital. Comparison by ICPC-2-E classification revealed a significant increase in new patients visiting for musculoskeletal, ophthalmic or female genital tract problems since 2001.
Comparison of the Components for new patients between 2001 and 2008. *P-value obtained from χ2 test and Fisher's exact test (1: 0.01, 2: 0.04, 3: 0.16, 4: 0.23, 5: 0.28, 6: 0.17). No patient encountered for the component 5 (administrative). So we did not describe it in this figure.
Comparison of common§ ICPC coding for new patients in 2008 with 2001. *P = 0.002, from Fisher's exact test. †P < 0.001, from χ2 test. §10 or more patients. ‡R44: preventive immunizations/medications (respiratory), X11: menopausal symptom/complaint, R21: throat symptom/complaint, A30: medical examination/evaluation-complete, N01: headache, N17: vertigo/dizziness.
Baseline characteristics of the subjects.
Values are presented as number (%) or mean (SD).
*P-value from Student t-test for mean difference and χ2 test for binary outcomes. †Aged 65 years or more. ‡New patient was defined as the patient with no previous visit within 6 months or more. §Aged 18 years or more.
Distribution of reasons for encounter for new patients by the chapters and components (2001).
*A: general and unspecified, B: blood, blood forming organs and immune mechanism, D: digestive, F: eye, H: ear, K: cardiovascular, L: musculoskeletal, N: neurological, P: psychological, R: respiratory, S: skin, T: endocrine/metabolic and nutritional, U: urological, W: pregnancy, childbearing, family planning, X: female genital, Y: male genital, Z: social problems.
Distribution of reasons for encounter for new patients by the chapters and components (2008).
*A: general and unspecified, B: blood, blood forming organs and immune mechanism, D: digestive, F: eye, H: ear, K: cardiovascular, L: musculoskeletal, N: neurological, P: psychological, R: respiratory, S: skin, T: endocrine/metabolic and nutritional, U: urological, W: pregnancy, childbearing, family planning, X: female genital, Y: male genital, Z: social problems.
Comparison of the chapters for new patients between 2001 and 2008.
*A: general and unspecified, B: blood, blood forming organs and immune mechanism, D: digestive, F: eye, H: ear, K: cardiovascular, L: musculoskeletal, N: neurological, P: psychological, R: respiratory, S: skin, T: endocrine/metabolic and nutritional, U: urological, W: pregnancy, childbearing, family planning, X: female genital, Y: male genital, Z: social problems. †P-value from χ2 test (if n > 5) and Fisher's exact test.