INTRODUCTION
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has long been prevalent worldwide among adult patients,1,2) the general public,3) children,3) and the elderly,4) a trend that holds true for Korea. It has been reported that 78.4% of the general population5) and 85.2% of cancer patients6) use CAM. Approximately 70% of CAM users obtained information regarding specific therapies from family or friends, while only 4.2% consulted a physician.5) Furthermore, it has been shown that cancer patients do not reveal their use of CAM therapies most often because the clinician fails to ask them.6,7) These data highlight the importance of CAM acknowledgement by medical professionals, enquiry about its use, and assuming an active attitude toward its therapies.
People use knowledge to form their individual attitudes, which then tend to guide behavior.8,9) Therefore, in order to bring about desirable changes in physician treatment of CAM, sufficient education consisting of an accurate, evidence-based information is essential. Investigation of attitudes of Korean physicians towards CAM is necessary to review current CAM and also establish new curricula in both undergraduate medical education and continuing education program. To address the CAM communication gap between doctors and patients, reliable and validated questionnaires are an important first step for assessing physician attitudes.
Schneider et al.10) developed the original 29-item Integrative Medicine Attitude Questionnaire (IMAQ) with a two-domain structure in 2003. Schmidt et al.11) modified this questionnaire and revalidated their new 28-item IMAQ with a three-domain structure that includes attitudes toward holism (11 items), the effectiveness of integrative medicine treatment (11 items), attitudes toward introspection, and also the doctor-patient relationship (6 items).
However, there are considerable differences in the health care systems and medical environments between Western countries and Korea. The IMAQ was developed by and for Western physicians and therefore must be evaluated in Korean physicians. The aim of this study was to develop a Korean version of the IMAQ through careful translation of the new 28-item English-language questionnaire.
METHODS
1. Participants
We recruited 118 Western-trained Korean primary care physicians from a continuing medical education program, irrespective of their specialty in Korea. We sent study information, a consent form, and questionnaires via email. The web-based survey was administered during four weeks in July 2008. Of the 118 physicians enrolled, the complete response rate was 52.5%.
2. Instruments
An expert panel consisting of five family physicians and an internist was assembled to develop the Korean IMAQ. The IMAQ was carefully translated into Korean, with several translations suggested for each item. The Korean IMAQ was then reverse-translated back into English by a bilingual translator to ensure that it accurately reflected the intents of the questions (Supplementary). In the case of medical terms, English equivalents were given in parentheses after Korean words. The Korean IMAQ did not include any footnotes regarding the various CAM modalities.
The Korean version was comprised of 28 items and employed a seven-point Likert scale that ranged from 1-'absolutely disagree' to 7-'absolutely agree.' The neutral answer, 'don't know,' was coded separately and as 4 on the seven-point Likert scale. The sum of the item scores represented the total Korean IMAQ score; a higher score indicated a more positive attitude toward CAM. Ten of the 28 items were reverse-coded (items 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 13, 17, 18, 25, and 26). Use of the original and modified IMAQs were permitted by the appropriate authors. This study was approved by the institutional review board of the Chung-Ang University Hospital.
3. Statistical Analysis
Reliability and validity of the Korean IMAQ were verified using Cronbach's α, factor analysis, and discriminant analysis. To evaluate validity, factor analysis was performed using the principal component extraction method with Schmidt et al.'s three-factor structure and a varimax rotated solution.11) Factor 1 was attitude toward holism (1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 15, 17, 19, and 24), factor 2 was attitude toward the effectiveness of integrative medicine treatment (3, 4, 8, 10, 12, 13, 16, 18, 25, 26, and 27), and factor 3 was attitudes toward introspection and the doctor-patient relationship (14, 20, 21, 22, 23, and 28). Discriminant analysis was performed according to the presence or absence of previous CAM education. All statistics were performed using the SPSS ver. 15.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA).
RESULTS
1. Baseline Characteristics of the Subjects
The majority of participants were men in their 30s or 40s (79.0%). Over 60% of physicians had received education about CAM (67.7%), mostly in continuing education programs offered by individual medical societies (85.7%). The physicians lived mostly in Seoul or other metropolitan areas (72.4%), and the majority practiced family medicine (66.1%) (Table 1).
2. Attitudes toward Integrative Medicine
The mean score of the Korean IMAQ was 130.31 ± 16.19. Individual mean item scores are shown in Table 2. Item 2 (The doctor's role should be primarily to promote health rather than to treat disease) had the lowest mean score, and item 24 (Counseling on nutrition should be a major role of the doctor toward the prevention of chronic disease) had the highest.
3. Reliability and Validity Testing
Cronbach's α for these results was 0.85, indicating adequate internal consistency. Factor analysis was performed on all 28 items to confirm the questionnaire's validity, which explained 44.82% of the variance. Factor loadings were -0.516 to 0.803, and 12 of the 28 items (42.8%) were erroneously classified (Table 3).
On further discriminant analysis of the Korean IMAQ, we found significant differences between physician attitudes toward CAM depending on their previous level of CAM education in most domains, such as the domain of 'attitude toward the effectiveness' and 'attitudes toward introspection and the doctor-patient relationship,' or total score of IMAQ. However, the sum of the items within the holism conceptual domain was not significantly different for physicians who had previously received CAM education (P = 0.06) (Table 4).
DISCUSSION
We translated the new 28-item IMAQ from the United States into Korean and tested the questionnaire's reliability and validity for examining the attitudes toward CAM of Western-trained Korean medical doctors. Results show adequate internal consistency of the Korean IMAQ and insufficient validity.
The vast majority of English-language questionnaires require significant modification for successful use in Korea.12) This may be due to historical and cultural differences between Western countries and Korea, making it difficult for English-language questionnaires to reflect and analyze certain essential Korean characteristics.
Unfortunately, we found that this Korean IMAQ is not applicable to Western-trained Korean medical doctors, possibly partially due to different understandings of holism. Not only were the item scores of factor 1 relatively low, but erroneously classified items of factor analysis were also mainly included in factor 1. In fact, after excluding IMAQ factor 1 item, only two items were incorrectly grouped. Furthermore, only the sum of the items for 'the attitude toward holism' did not differ significantly based on level of previous CAM education. There were no other differences based on level of previous CAM education observed in seven of 11 holism related item (factor 1) scores.
The concept of holism is of great importance in the practice of medicine and regards the patient as a whole person, including mind, body, and the spirit.13) A holistic approach does not focus on therapy but on healing the underlying condition. In addition, holi stic methods do not necessarily aim to treat a diagnosed dise ase; it focuses on individualized therapy according to patient's vulnerabilities, personal history, occupation, environment, diet, lifestyle, and other individual factors.14)
Most of the Korean doctors surveyed had gained some measure of experience or skills related to specific CAM therapies, separately from education in terms of integrative medicine, through the continuing education programs of individual medical societies. Of the 80% of subjects who had received previous CAM education, only 14.3% had training in medical school. These data suggest that few doctors receive education during their training involving philosophy of integrative medicine or CAM modalities, including the concept of holism.
Three items related to acupuncture and herbal medicine were below the median score: item 4 (Doctors should advise against the use of well-established traditional herbs [botanical medicine] until the herbs have undergone rigorous testing such as is required for any pharmaceutical drug), item 25 (Doctors should avoid recommending herbs [botanicals] based on observation of long-term use in other cultures and systems of healing, because such evidence is not based on large randomized controlled trials), and item 8 (Acupuncture has been found to be effective for chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting. The system relies on unknown mechanisms [meridians]. It is irresponsible for doctors to recommend acupuncture for conditions such as chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting). Interestingly, the mean score on the acupuncture-related item 8 of Korean physicians (4.18 ± 1.43) was higher than that of US physicians10) (1.85 ± 1.37), indicating more positive attitudes toward acupuncture.
The mean scores of the following items were particularly high: item 3 (Patients whose doctors know about complementary and alternative medicine, in addition to conventional medicine, benefit more than those whose doctors are only familiar with conventional medicine), item 23 (Doctors should be prepared to answer patients' questions regarding the safety, efficacy, and proper usage of commonly used herbs [botanicals]), and item 12 (Doctors who know about complementary and alternative practices [i.e., Traditional Chinese Medicine] in addition to conventional medicine, generate improved patient satisfaction) (5.08 ± 1.50, 5.16 ± 1.16, 5.27 ± 1.16, respec tively). These high mean scores suggest that Korean physicians value knowledge about CAM modalities. Furthermore, the physicians surveyed expressed willingness to learn more about CAM.
In contrast to the Western health care system, traditional Korean oriental medicine (KOM) is practiced alongside conventional medicine in Korea. Thus, Western-trained Korean physicians tend to use an organ- and therapy-based approach; contrast to the holistic approach in KOM.15) Chung et al.16) reported that the IMAQ would be inappropriate for use in Hong Kong, which has similar cultural trends to those of Korea. In order to develop an accurate Korean version of the IMAQ, a panel of CAM experts will be established to reanalyze the questionnaire's contents and to revise the question framework.
It is clear that significant knowledge of and reasonable attitudes toward CAM are indispensable among medical doctors, especially given the high rate of CAM usage in Korea. In order to assess this aspect, a proper evaluation tool of attitudes toward CAM is essential.
Although our study was limited by a small number subjects and a low response rate, the need for development of a valid and reliable Korean IMAQ is unequivocal. In conclusion, use of a Korean IMAQ translated from English without further modification is inappropriate. A new version tailored to the cultural characteristics of Korean physicians should be developed and tested for both reliability and validity.
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