2. Binstock RH. Anti-aging medicine and research: a realm of conflict and profound societal implications. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2004;59:B523–33.
3. Speakman JR, Mitchell SE. Caloric restriction. Mol Aspects Med 2011;32:159–221.
4. Masoro EJ. Overview of caloric restriction and ageing. Mech Ageing Dev 2005;126:913–22.
5. McCay CM, Crowell MF, Maynard LA. The effect of retarded growth upon the length of life span and upon the ultimate body size: one figure. J Nutr 1935;10:63–79.
7. Mattison JA, Roth GS, Beasley TM, Tilmont EM, Handy AM, Herbert RL, et al. Impact of caloric restriction on health and survival in rhesus monkeys from the NIA study. Nature 2012;489:318–21.
8. Al-Regaiey KA. The effects of calorie restriction on aging: a brief review. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2016;20:2468–73.
13. Yang F, Chu X, Yin M, Liu X, Yuan H, Niu Y, et al. mTOR and autophagy in normal brain aging and caloric restriction ameliorating age-related cognition deficits. Behav Brain Res 2014;264:82–90.
14. Saraswat K, Rizvi SI. Novel strategies for anti-aging drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017;12:955–66.
15. Ingram DK, Roth GS. Calorie restriction mimetics: can you have your cake and eat it, too? Ageing Res Rev 2015;20:46–62.
16. Ruderman N, Prentki M. AMP kinase and malonyl-CoA: targets for therapy of the metabolic syndrome. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2004;3:340–51.
18. Bannister CA, Holden SE, Jenkins-Jones S, Morgan CL, Halcox JP, Schernthaner G, et al. Can people with type 2 diabetes live longer than those without?: a comparison of mortality in people initiated with metformin or sulphonylurea monotherapy and matched, non-diabetic controls. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014;16:1165–73.
19. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet 1998;352:854–65.
20. Wu JW, Boudreau DM, Park Y, Simonds NI, Freedman AN. Commonly used diabetes and cardiovascular medications and cancer recurrence and cancer-specific mortality: a review of the literature. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2014;13:1071–99.
21. Ng TP, Feng L, Yap KB, Lee TS, Tan CH, Winblad B. Long-term metformin usage and cognitive function among older adults with diabetes. J Alzheimers Dis 2014;41:61–8.
24. Trainer PJ, Drake WM, Katznelson L, Freda PU, Herman-Bonert V, van der Lely AJ, et al. Treatment of acromegaly with the growth hormonereceptor antagonist pegvisomant. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1171–7.
25. Caron A, Richard D, Laplante M. The roles of mTOR complexes in lipid metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr 2015;35:321–48.
29. Soefje SA, Karnad A, Brenner AJ. Common toxicities of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors. Target Oncol 2011;6:125–9.
31. Wood JG, Rogina B, Lavu S, Howitz K, Helfand SL, Tatar M, et al. Sirtuin activators mimic caloric restriction and delay ageing in metazoans. Nature 2004;430:686–9.
34. Howitz KT, Bitterman KJ, Cohen HY, Lamming DW, Lavu S, Wood JG, et al. Small molecule activators of sirtuins extend Saccharomyces cerevisiae lifespan. Nature 2003;425:191–6.
37. Yang DL, Zhang HG, Xu YL, Gao YH, Yang XJ, Hao XQ, et al. Resveratrol inhibits right ventricular hypertrophy induced by monocrotaline in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2010;37:150–5.
38. Wu Z, Xu Q, Zhang L, Kong D, Ma R, Wang L. Protective effect of resveratrol against kainate-induced temporal lobe epilepsy in rats. Neurochem Res 2009;34:1393–400.
39. Khan MM, Ahmad A, Ishrat T, Khan MB, Hoda MN, Khuwaja G, et al. Resveratrol attenuates 6-hydroxydopamine-induced oxidative damage and dopamine depletion in rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Brain Res 2010;1328:139–51.
40. Karuppagounder SS, Pinto JT, Xu H, Chen HL, Beal MF, Gibson GE. Dietary supplementation with resveratrol reduces plaque pathology in a transgenic model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurochem Int 2009;54:111–8.
42. Bhatt JK, Thomas S, Nanjan MJ. Resveratrol supplementation improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Res 2012;32:537–41.
43. Zouboulis CC, Makrantonaki E. Hormonal therapy of intrinsic aging. Rejuvenation Res 2012;15:302–12.
44. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:321–33.
46. Samaras N, Samaras D, Lang PO, Forster A, Pichard C, Frangos E, et al. A view of geriatrics through hormones: what is the relation between andropause and well-known geriatric syndromes? Maturitas 2013;74:213–9.
49. Bain J. Andropause: testosterone replacement therapy for aging men. Can Fam Physician 2001;47:91–7.
50. Emmelot-Vonk MH, Verhaar HJ, Nakhai Pour HR, Aleman A, Lock TM, Bosch JL, et al. Effect of testosterone supplementation on functional mobility, cognition, and other parameters in older men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008;299:39–52.
52. Noble RL. The development of prostatic adenocarcinoma in Nb rats following prolonged sex hormone administration. Cancer Res 1977;37:1929–33.
53. Pierorazio PM, Ferrucci L, Kettermann A, Longo DL, Metter EJ, Carter HB. Serum testosterone is associated with aggressive prostate cancer in older men: results from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. BJU Int 2010;105:824–9.
54. Travis RC, Key TJ, Allen NE, Appleby PN, Roddam AW, Rinaldi S, et al. Serum androgens and prostate cancer among 643 cases and 643 controls in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Int J Cancer 2007;121:1331–8.
55. Genazzani AD, Lanzoni C, Genazzani AR. Might DHEA be considered a beneficial replacement therapy in the elderly? Drugs Aging 2007;24:173–85.
56. Davis SR, Panjari M, Stanczyk FZ. Clinical review: DHEA replacement for postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:1642–53.
58. Ravaglia G, Forti P, Maioli F, Boschi F, Cicognani A, Bernardi M, et al. Determinants of functional status in healthy Italian nonagenarians and centenarians: a comprehensive functional assessment by the instruments of geriatric practice. J Am Geriatr Soc 1997;45:1196–202.
59. Nawata H, Tanaka S, Tanaka S, Takayanagi R, Sakai Y, Yanase T, et al. Aromatase in bone cell: association with osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1995;53:165–74.
61. Barrett-Connor E, Goodman-Gruen D, Patay B. Endogenous sex hormones and cognitive function in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:3681–5.
62. Michael A, Jenaway A, Paykel ES, Herbert J. Altered salivary dehydroepiandrosterone levels in major depression in adults. Biol Psychiatry 2000;48:989–95.
64. Legrain S, Massien C, Lahlou N, Roger M, Debuire B, Diquet B, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone replacement administration: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies in healthy elderly subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:3208–17.
65. Traish AM, Kang HP, Saad F, Guay AT. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA): a precursor steroid or an active hormone in human physiology. J Sex Med 2011;8:2960–82.
66. Nair KS, Rizza RA, O’Brien P, Dhatariya K, Short KR, Nehra A, et al. DHEA in elderly women and DHEA or testosterone in elderly men. N Engl J Med 2006;355:1647–59.
67. Vaiserman AM, Koliada AK, Marotta F. Gut microbiota: a player in aging and a target for anti-aging intervention. Ageing Res Rev 2017;35:36–45.
68. Konturek PC, Haziri D, Brzozowski T, Hess T, Heyman S, Kwiecien S, et al. Emerging role of fecal microbiota therapy in the treatment of gastrointestinal and extra-gastrointestinal diseases. J Physiol Pharmacol 2015;66:483–91.
69. Biagi E, Franceschi C, Rampelli S, Severgnini M, Ostan R, Turroni S, et al. Gut microbiota and extreme longevity. Curr Biol 2016;26:1480–5.
71. Perez Martinez G, Bauerl C, Collado MC. Understanding gut microbiota in elderly’s health will enable intervention through probiotics. Benef Microbes 2014;5:235–46.
75. Rao K, Safdar N. Fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. J Hosp Med 2016;11:56–61.
81. Rostand SG. Ultraviolet light may contribute to geographic and racial blood pressure differences. Hypertension 1997;30(2 Pt 1): 150–6.
84. Pludowski P, Holick MF, Grant WB, Konstantynowicz J, Mascarenhas MR, Haq A, et al. Vitamin D supplementation guidelines. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018;175:125–35.